{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/gha/280440",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/280440",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/gha/280440",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "280440",
    "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 22,
    "current_lane_count": 11,
    "active_market_count": 11,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 254107.08377395506,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 201672.7896695009,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 256241.8344414284,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 287439.5583579284,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 163803.7386029617,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -29.709131273427047,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 1081.0837756097567,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 4.935695623529712,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 360950.2307531527,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 1785576.2856405478,
    "historical_peak_year": 2006,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -34.64482689695676,
    "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
    "top_market_iso3": "GBR",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 136938.49446745997,
    "top_market_share_pct": 53.890073599552125,
    "destination_hhi": 3576.904597246817,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 4.638588512879725,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": -0.5124717912487383,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 1.1167842543410957,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 73.77086133191104,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 63.63636363636363,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 75.5,
    "confidence_label": "Medium",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:49",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 280440,
      "hs_description": "Oxygen",
      "hs_chapter": 28,
      "hs_heading": 2804,
      "substitution_elasticity": -14.341238,
      "price_range_label": "Medium price range",
      "trade_type_label": "Two-way horizontal trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Oxygen",
    "hs_chapter": 28,
    "hs_heading": 2804,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 280440,
        "corridor_rank": 39,
        "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
        "importer_iso3": "FRA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 7,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 55766.03212552964,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 16344.372140982143,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 33502.65608452107,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 26179.42738671081,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 19062.11641538846,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 136.61273327213686,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 61.15453802453814,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 107.3793992397838,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 55766.03212552964,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 11489313.02804359,
        "historical_peak_year": 2024,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 66.66666666666667,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 29.23333403235307,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 21.2611,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 10.8466,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 58.6207,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 0.48537307660965984,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.2515580519126057,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 25.929605689915565,
        "peer_top_exporter": "DEU",
        "supplier_count_latest": 47,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1904.24,
        "distance_km": 4827.29150390625,
        "has_reported_fta": 0,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.014316388243083716,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.047264675793811474,
        "volatility_cv": 1.110342643942069,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 17.94626388182007,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility']",
        "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
        "confidence_label": "Medium",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "hs_code": 280440,
      "num_markets": 12,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "AUS",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 78333.33333333334,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "CIV",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 174.63636363636363,
      "median_price_across_markets": 845.0704225352113,
      "price_spread_pct": 9248.779141414141,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 64.6089411764706,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 1188704
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 295683.4909169091,
        "active_destinations": 3,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 6487.936953590102
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 18937.63059049377,
        "active_destinations": 6,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -93.59530336584956
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 2774.102681036471,
        "active_destinations": 2,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -85.35137398641093
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 71141.68032448142,
        "active_destinations": 3,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 2464.493405770445
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 124570.39672007297,
        "active_destinations": 3,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 75.10184768183716
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 70868.63800832123,
        "active_destinations": 8,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -43.10956706064529
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 98160.96578949642,
        "active_destinations": 7,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 38.5111504160283
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 28915.632844707096,
        "active_destinations": 2,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -70.54263615670214
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 2893.4801041944074,
        "active_destinations": 2,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -89.99337099162244
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 0.8774932557681702,
        "active_destinations": 1,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -99.9696734304654
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 87773.96342277445,
        "active_destinations": 11,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 10002707.753312686
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 580698.3250425826,
        "active_destinations": 4,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 561.5838027566048
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 539246.1927822679,
        "active_destinations": 10,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -7.138324750166099
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 27806.520872516154,
        "active_destinations": 4,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -94.843446046592
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 201672.7896695009,
        "active_destinations": 11,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 625.271567033161
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "GHA",
      "exports_usd": 18307382251.882656,
      "imports_usd": 16869076982.27301,
      "trade_balance_usd": 1438305269.6096458,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": 19.63898777973947,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -21.83243987338461,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 9.60778516313663,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": -10.320633534005685,
      "export_partner_hhi": 903.3268424211788,
      "export_product_hhi": 2122.676143583925,
      "momentum_score": 16.629626994758617,
      "risk_score": 15.130014930025517,
      "gdp_million_usd": 82308.11038646406,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 2390.77237652715,
      "population": 34427414,
      "labor_force": 14447.88,
      "investment_rate_pct": 23.75,
      "savings_rate_pct": 17.8,
      "secondary_education_pct": 69.53,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 4.1,
      "total_factor_productivity": 340.41,
      "trade_openness_pct": 44.21898524706629,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.01351197173252,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 17,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 3,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 77,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 7346.275720164609,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 6.296296296296296,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 28.51851851851852,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.1111111111111112,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.13212820260293706,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13732185808967534,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.036201340336054585,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.10112051775362076,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 7319.099498675082,
      "num_border_partners": 70,
      "num_colonial_partners": 25,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -9.223608472868463,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 70.70484581497797,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 3.303964757709251,
      "real_market_potential": 113403.60117530223,
      "foreign_market_potential": 25019.84298436845
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "280440",
    "hs_description": "Oxygen",
    "hs_chapter": 28,
    "hs_heading": 2804
  },
  "destinations": [
    {
      "hs_code": 280440,
      "corridor_rank": 39,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "FRA",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 7,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 55766.03212552964,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 16344.372140982143,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 33502.65608452107,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 26179.42738671081,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 19062.11641538846,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 136.61273327213686,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 61.15453802453814,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 107.3793992397838,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 55766.03212552964,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 11489313.02804359,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 66.66666666666667,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 29.23333403235307,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 21.2611,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 10.8466,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 58.6207,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 0.48537307660965984,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.2515580519126057,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 25.929605689915565,
      "peer_top_exporter": "DEU",
      "supplier_count_latest": 47,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 1904.24,
      "distance_km": 4827.29150390625,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.014316388243083716,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.047264675793811474,
      "volatility_cv": 1.110342643942069,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 17.94626388182007,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility']",
      "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
      "confidence_label": "Medium",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    }
  ],
  "prices": [],
  "priceSummary": {
    "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
    "hs_code": 280440,
    "num_markets": 12,
    "highest_price_importer_iso3": "AUS",
    "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 78333.33333333334,
    "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "CIV",
    "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 174.63636363636363,
    "median_price_across_markets": 845.0704225352113,
    "price_spread_pct": 9248.779141414141,
    "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 64.6089411764706,
    "total_trade_value_usd": 1188704
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "export_value_usd": 295683.4909169091,
      "active_destinations": 3,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 6487.936953590102
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "export_value_usd": 18937.63059049377,
      "active_destinations": 6,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -93.59530336584956
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "export_value_usd": 2774.102681036471,
      "active_destinations": 2,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -85.35137398641093
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "export_value_usd": 71141.68032448142,
      "active_destinations": 3,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 2464.493405770445
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "export_value_usd": 124570.39672007297,
      "active_destinations": 3,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 75.10184768183716
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "export_value_usd": 70868.63800832123,
      "active_destinations": 8,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -43.10956706064529
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "export_value_usd": 98160.96578949642,
      "active_destinations": 7,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 38.5111504160283
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "export_value_usd": 28915.632844707096,
      "active_destinations": 2,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -70.54263615670214
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "export_value_usd": 2893.4801041944074,
      "active_destinations": 2,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -89.99337099162244
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "export_value_usd": 0.8774932557681702,
      "active_destinations": 1,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -99.9696734304654
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "export_value_usd": 87773.96342277445,
      "active_destinations": 11,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 10002707.753312686
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "export_value_usd": 580698.3250425826,
      "active_destinations": 4,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 561.5838027566048
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "export_value_usd": 539246.1927822679,
      "active_destinations": 10,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -7.138324750166099
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "export_value_usd": 27806.520872516154,
      "active_destinations": 4,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -94.843446046592
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "export_value_usd": 201672.7896695009,
      "active_destinations": 11,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 625.271567033161
    }
  ],
  "economy": {
    "year": 2024,
    "country_iso3": "GHA",
    "exports_usd": 18307382251.882656,
    "imports_usd": 16869076982.27301,
    "trade_balance_usd": 1438305269.6096458,
    "yoy_exports_growth_pct": 19.63898777973947,
    "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -21.83243987338461,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 9.60778516313663,
    "imports_cagr_3y_pct": -10.320633534005685,
    "export_partner_hhi": 903.3268424211788,
    "export_product_hhi": 2122.676143583925,
    "momentum_score": 16.629626994758617,
    "risk_score": 15.130014930025517,
    "gdp_million_usd": 82308.11038646406,
    "gdp_per_capita_usd": 2390.77237652715,
    "population": 34427414,
    "labor_force": 14447.88,
    "investment_rate_pct": 23.75,
    "savings_rate_pct": 17.8,
    "secondary_education_pct": 69.53,
    "tertiary_education_pct": 4.1,
    "total_factor_productivity": 340.41,
    "trade_openness_pct": 44.21898524706629,
    "exports_gdp_pct": 23.01351197173252,
    "num_active_partners": 270,
    "num_fta_partners": 17,
    "num_wto_partners": 169,
    "num_eu_partners": 28,
    "num_shared_border_partners": 3,
    "num_shared_language_partners": 77,
    "avg_partner_distance_km": 7346.275720164609,
    "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
    "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "pct_partners_with_fta": 6.296296296296296,
    "pct_partners_shared_language": 28.51851851851852,
    "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.1111111111111112,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.13212820260293706,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13732185808967534,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.036201340336054585,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.10112051775362076,
    "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 7319.099498675082,
    "num_border_partners": 70,
    "num_colonial_partners": 25,
    "avg_substitution_elasticity": -9.223608472868463,
    "pct_products_high_elasticity": 70.70484581497797,
    "pct_products_low_elasticity": 3.303964757709251,
    "real_market_potential": 113403.60117530223,
    "foreign_market_potential": 25019.84298436845
  }
}