{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/851531",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/851531",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/851531",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "851531",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 135,
    "current_lane_count": 56,
    "active_market_count": 56,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 14224380.006267395,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 11235735.006211441,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 10561624.084285105,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 13805918.219991624,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 11318777.561858589,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -23.741171963296647,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -2.251777435481195,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 5.308867561780617,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 9549507.736222135,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 57243409.20678676,
    "historical_peak_year": 2021,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -29.050039525077263,
    "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
    "top_market_iso3": "GBR",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 4495718.228954971,
    "top_market_share_pct": 31.605723602533924,
    "destination_hhi": 1361.6104206884693,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 6.788321820681659,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": 2.198373448486653,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 1.5927791809703826,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 95.27551744384195,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 44.44444444444444,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 100,
    "confidence_label": "High",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 851531,
      "hs_description": "Welding machines and apparatus: for arc (including plasma arc) welding of metals, fully or partly automatic, whether or not capable of cutting",
      "hs_chapter": 85,
      "hs_heading": 8515,
      "substitution_elasticity": -6.1757565,
      "price_range_label": "Unclassified",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Welding machines and apparatus: for arc (including plasma arc) welding of metals, fully or partly automatic, whether or not capable of cutting",
    "hs_chapter": 85,
    "hs_heading": 8515,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 851531,
        "corridor_rank": 88,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "GBR",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 27,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 4495718.228954971,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 477089.41611627105,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 1717105.0706072655,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 1770000.1583884165,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 1207345.1033569525,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 24.94216783935972,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 17.498981853631633,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 150.9052336763027,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 4495718.228954971,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 75283553.54973494,
        "historical_peak_year": 2024,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 65.38461538461539,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -125.96306583694297,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 58.8125,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 8.6223,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 68.9655,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 5.971713630633738,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 4.749469952989871,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 19.63623617045913,
        "peer_top_exporter": "KOR",
        "supplier_count_latest": 53,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 904.66,
        "distance_km": 1263.3787841796875,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 2.1014814955705776,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 99.95411752695003,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility']",
        "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 851531,
      "num_markets": 93,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "THA",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 3002000,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "AGO",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 64,
      "median_price_across_markets": 36029.13712463021,
      "price_spread_pct": 8331.967511783176,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 8.116078512396692,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 59709419
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 9116618.819370776,
        "active_destinations": 42,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 32.41538655899662
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 7882082.636502077,
        "active_destinations": 48,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -13.541601413076373
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 6661028.517499007,
        "active_destinations": 43,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -15.491516332857822
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 6488184.790042691,
        "active_destinations": 58,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -2.59485043491772
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 6698106.703683006,
        "active_destinations": 54,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 3.2354490575311354
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 6958026.587683064,
        "active_destinations": 54,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 3.880497810778967
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 4632260.9045351185,
        "active_destinations": 52,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -33.425650992264984
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 8812079.163418006,
        "active_destinations": 47,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 90.23279010020191
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 11164907.190190526,
        "active_destinations": 50,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 26.700032797480123
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 12590910.672801064,
        "active_destinations": 50,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 12.772192892596756
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 12009123.855282985,
        "active_destinations": 54,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -4.620688944881945
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 25335594.991819806,
        "active_destinations": 48,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 110.9695536254655
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 11731572.357495818,
        "active_destinations": 50,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -53.69529564518365
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 8717564.88914806,
        "active_destinations": 54,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -25.691419500319373
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 11235735.006211441,
        "active_destinations": 56,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 28.886164302580532
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "851531",
    "hs_description": "Welding machines and apparatus: for arc (including plasma arc) welding of metals, fully or partly automatic, whether or not capable of cutting",
    "hs_chapter": 85,
    "hs_heading": 8515
  },
  "destinations": [
    {
      "hs_code": 851531,
      "corridor_rank": 88,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "GBR",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 27,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 4495718.228954971,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 477089.41611627105,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 1717105.0706072655,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 1770000.1583884165,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 1207345.1033569525,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 24.94216783935972,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 17.498981853631633,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 150.9052336763027,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 4495718.228954971,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 75283553.54973494,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 65.38461538461539,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -125.96306583694297,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 58.8125,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 8.6223,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 68.9655,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 5.971713630633738,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": 4.749469952989871,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 19.63623617045913,
      "peer_top_exporter": "KOR",
      "supplier_count_latest": 53,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 904.66,
      "distance_km": 1263.3787841796875,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "volatility_cv": 2.1014814955705776,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 99.95411752695003,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility']",
      "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
      "confidence_label": "High",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    }
  ],
  "prices": [],
  "priceSummary": {
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "hs_code": 851531,
    "num_markets": 93,
    "highest_price_importer_iso3": "THA",
    "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 3002000,
    "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "AGO",
    "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 64,
    "median_price_across_markets": 36029.13712463021,
    "price_spread_pct": 8331.967511783176,
    "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 8.116078512396692,
    "total_trade_value_usd": 59709419
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "export_value_usd": 9116618.819370776,
      "active_destinations": 42,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 32.41538655899662
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "export_value_usd": 7882082.636502077,
      "active_destinations": 48,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -13.541601413076373
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "export_value_usd": 6661028.517499007,
      "active_destinations": 43,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -15.491516332857822
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "export_value_usd": 6488184.790042691,
      "active_destinations": 58,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -2.59485043491772
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "export_value_usd": 6698106.703683006,
      "active_destinations": 54,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 3.2354490575311354
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "export_value_usd": 6958026.587683064,
      "active_destinations": 54,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 3.880497810778967
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "export_value_usd": 4632260.9045351185,
      "active_destinations": 52,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -33.425650992264984
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "export_value_usd": 8812079.163418006,
      "active_destinations": 47,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 90.23279010020191
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "export_value_usd": 11164907.190190526,
      "active_destinations": 50,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 26.700032797480123
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "export_value_usd": 12590910.672801064,
      "active_destinations": 50,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 12.772192892596756
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "export_value_usd": 12009123.855282985,
      "active_destinations": 54,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -4.620688944881945
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "export_value_usd": 25335594.991819806,
      "active_destinations": 48,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 110.9695536254655
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "export_value_usd": 11731572.357495818,
      "active_destinations": 50,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -53.69529564518365
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "export_value_usd": 8717564.88914806,
      "active_destinations": 54,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -25.691419500319373
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "export_value_usd": 11235735.006211441,
      "active_destinations": 56,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 28.886164302580532
    }
  ],
  "economy": {
    "year": 2024,
    "country_iso3": "ESP",
    "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
    "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
    "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
    "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
    "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
    "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
    "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
    "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
    "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
    "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
    "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
    "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
    "population": 48848840,
    "labor_force": 22392.15,
    "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
    "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
    "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
    "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
    "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
    "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
    "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
    "num_active_partners": 270,
    "num_fta_partners": 108,
    "num_wto_partners": 169,
    "num_eu_partners": 28,
    "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
    "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
    "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
    "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
    "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
    "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
    "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
    "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
    "num_border_partners": 75,
    "num_colonial_partners": 605,
    "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
    "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
    "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
    "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
    "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
  }
}