{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/740311",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/740311",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/740311",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "740311",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 77,
    "current_lane_count": 25,
    "active_market_count": 25,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 1038422642.8402991,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 991360794.5781133,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 822784260.805638,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 889265120.8868847,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 855448391.6234,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -1.922416348632039,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 6.103830245189035,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -0.5953729510497885,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 670230136.7007437,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 2625282998.863952,
    "historical_peak_year": 2012,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -1.3270433975822504,
    "trend_label": "Stable",
    "top_market_iso3": "ITA",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 754576032.4452742,
    "top_market_share_pct": 72.6655988915413,
    "destination_hhi": 5413.695086664257,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 17.035033386027493,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": 3.4354082054187636,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 1.1576232262732151,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 90.51495820117874,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 54.54545454545455,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 82.5,
    "confidence_label": "High",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 740311,
      "hs_description": "Copper: refined, unwrought, cathodes and sections of cathodes",
      "hs_chapter": 74,
      "hs_heading": 7403,
      "substitution_elasticity": -45.581581,
      "price_range_label": "Medium price range",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Copper: refined, unwrought, cathodes and sections of cathodes",
    "hs_chapter": 74,
    "hs_heading": 7403,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 740311,
        "corridor_rank": 27,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "ITA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 754576032.4452742,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 140040762.65082654,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 513494135.5052843,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 474471780.9054189,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 313273258.1534451,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 15.925957606094787,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 15.29512896577996,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 23.393742495795667,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 754576032.4452742,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 4499363954.93764,
        "historical_peak_year": 2024,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -7.46778488970088,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 5.5416,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 10.5463,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 51.7241,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 16.770726707209278,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 5.167266488730947,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 19.493069365109168,
        "peer_top_exporter": "BGR",
        "supplier_count_latest": 27,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1147.93,
        "distance_km": 1366.760498046875,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 1.2906651995986405,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 95.85066650560645,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility']",
        "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 740311,
      "num_markets": 45,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "IND",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 709500,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "KEN",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 755,
      "median_price_across_markets": 8346.18438916925,
      "price_spread_pct": 8491.844499861883,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 4395.976548148148,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 4157590942
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 436761628.2005912,
        "active_destinations": 30,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -0.22227008466282183
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 700808743.9652307,
        "active_destinations": 27,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 60.45565789570021
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 1178266901.8880177,
        "active_destinations": 31,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 68.12959484798824
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 789936007.9007573,
        "active_destinations": 24,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -32.95780381889801
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 1052363404.8285835,
        "active_destinations": 27,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 33.22134885650078
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 777272081.4246051,
        "active_destinations": 26,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -26.140335376712116
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 846199763.3077136,
        "active_destinations": 29,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 8.867896265716373
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 819111645.0282471,
        "active_destinations": 26,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -3.201149356693466
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 928389921.9991151,
        "active_destinations": 34,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 13.341072323187339
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 737184900.0398962,
        "active_destinations": 27,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -20.595335798938272
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 927167007.5964966,
        "active_destinations": 29,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 25.771296664692745
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 1050805814.421013,
        "active_destinations": 22,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 13.335117169993616
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 616685464.2683308,
        "active_destinations": 24,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -41.31308983971312
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 860306523.57047,
        "active_destinations": 32,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 39.50491351230151
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 991360794.5781133,
        "active_destinations": 25,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 15.233439177438521
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "740311",
    "hs_description": "Copper: refined, unwrought, cathodes and sections of cathodes",
    "hs_chapter": 74,
    "hs_heading": 7403
  },
  "destinations": [
    {
      "hs_code": 740311,
      "corridor_rank": 27,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 30,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 754576032.4452742,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 140040762.65082654,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 513494135.5052843,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 474471780.9054189,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 313273258.1534451,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 15.925957606094787,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 15.29512896577996,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 23.393742495795667,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 754576032.4452742,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 4499363954.93764,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -7.46778488970088,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 5.5416,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 10.5463,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 51.7241,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 16.770726707209278,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": 5.167266488730947,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 19.493069365109168,
      "peer_top_exporter": "BGR",
      "supplier_count_latest": 27,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 1147.93,
      "distance_km": 1366.760498046875,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "volatility_cv": 1.2906651995986405,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 95.85066650560645,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility']",
      "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
      "confidence_label": "High",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    }
  ],
  "prices": [],
  "priceSummary": {
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "hs_code": 740311,
    "num_markets": 45,
    "highest_price_importer_iso3": "IND",
    "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 709500,
    "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "KEN",
    "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 755,
    "median_price_across_markets": 8346.18438916925,
    "price_spread_pct": 8491.844499861883,
    "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 4395.976548148148,
    "total_trade_value_usd": 4157590942
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "export_value_usd": 436761628.2005912,
      "active_destinations": 30,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -0.22227008466282183
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "export_value_usd": 700808743.9652307,
      "active_destinations": 27,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 60.45565789570021
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "export_value_usd": 1178266901.8880177,
      "active_destinations": 31,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 68.12959484798824
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "export_value_usd": 789936007.9007573,
      "active_destinations": 24,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -32.95780381889801
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "export_value_usd": 1052363404.8285835,
      "active_destinations": 27,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 33.22134885650078
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "export_value_usd": 777272081.4246051,
      "active_destinations": 26,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -26.140335376712116
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "export_value_usd": 846199763.3077136,
      "active_destinations": 29,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 8.867896265716373
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "export_value_usd": 819111645.0282471,
      "active_destinations": 26,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -3.201149356693466
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "export_value_usd": 928389921.9991151,
      "active_destinations": 34,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 13.341072323187339
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "export_value_usd": 737184900.0398962,
      "active_destinations": 27,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -20.595335798938272
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "export_value_usd": 927167007.5964966,
      "active_destinations": 29,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 25.771296664692745
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "export_value_usd": 1050805814.421013,
      "active_destinations": 22,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 13.335117169993616
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "export_value_usd": 616685464.2683308,
      "active_destinations": 24,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -41.31308983971312
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "export_value_usd": 860306523.57047,
      "active_destinations": 32,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 39.50491351230151
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "export_value_usd": 991360794.5781133,
      "active_destinations": 25,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 15.233439177438521
    }
  ],
  "economy": {
    "year": 2024,
    "country_iso3": "ESP",
    "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
    "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
    "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
    "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
    "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
    "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
    "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
    "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
    "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
    "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
    "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
    "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
    "population": 48848840,
    "labor_force": 22392.15,
    "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
    "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
    "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
    "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
    "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
    "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
    "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
    "num_active_partners": 270,
    "num_fta_partners": 108,
    "num_wto_partners": 169,
    "num_eu_partners": 28,
    "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
    "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
    "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
    "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
    "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
    "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
    "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
    "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
    "num_border_partners": 75,
    "num_colonial_partners": 605,
    "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
    "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
    "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
    "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
    "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
  }
}