{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/731816",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/731816",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/731816",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "731816",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 181,
    "current_lane_count": 149,
    "active_market_count": 149,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 69718713.6129003,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 68249792.6616808,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 66531278.03854976,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 65238728.339749336,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 60525586.54528612,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 0.2905305030449057,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 1.9883804237129876,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 2.3784972358805945,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 41709336.76934578,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 110280702.41420369,
    "historical_peak_year": 2023,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -2.087966732835689,
    "trend_label": "Stable",
    "top_market_iso3": "PRT",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 10249015.06836764,
    "top_market_share_pct": 14.700522337909613,
    "destination_hhi": 763.4323863599262,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 8.56830699417973,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": -0.3592769330950592,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 0.7401316071854488,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 65.29100594320114,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 12.154696132596685,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 100,
    "confidence_label": "High",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 731816,
      "hs_description": "Iron or steel: threaded nuts",
      "hs_chapter": 73,
      "hs_heading": 7318,
      "substitution_elasticity": -5.3132253,
      "price_range_label": "Low price range",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Iron or steel: threaded nuts",
    "hs_chapter": 73,
    "hs_heading": 7318,
    "destinations": [],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 731816,
      "num_markets": 158,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "ECU",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 2095181.8181818184,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 14.105297687387239,
      "median_price_across_markets": 7778.116363120969,
      "price_spread_pct": 26936.697975079467,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 86.00647794117644,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 297368708
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 42384591.85233344,
        "active_destinations": 131,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 33.7204250641537
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 44687912.68185579,
        "active_destinations": 131,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 5.4343352828477025
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 44096484.6861528,
        "active_destinations": 135,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -1.3234630131720637
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 48865972.15618561,
        "active_destinations": 131,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 10.816026501837069
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 53952780.55069628,
        "active_destinations": 141,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 10.409714920338011
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 50157973.2333565,
        "active_destinations": 136,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -7.03357135370257
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 52580300.01039014,
        "active_destinations": 146,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 4.829395250410008
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 52609916.12712181,
        "active_destinations": 148,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 0.05632549971343104
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 61862872.8086022,
        "active_destinations": 148,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 17.587856743816854
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 61851161.5746437,
        "active_destinations": 151,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -0.01893095717480027
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 58941434.48757124,
        "active_destinations": 144,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -4.704401684616581
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 67658373.09552616,
        "active_destinations": 150,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 14.789152459112659
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 59798128.95298742,
        "active_destinations": 151,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -11.617548254435476
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 71545912.50098102,
        "active_destinations": 153,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 19.645737673882017
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 68249792.66168082,
        "active_destinations": 149,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -4.606999511334774
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "731816",
    "hs_description": "Iron or steel: threaded nuts",
    "hs_chapter": 73,
    "hs_heading": 7318
  },
  "destinations": [],
  "prices": [],
  "priceSummary": {
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "hs_code": 731816,
    "num_markets": 158,
    "highest_price_importer_iso3": "ECU",
    "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 2095181.8181818184,
    "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "BEN",
    "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 14.105297687387239,
    "median_price_across_markets": 7778.116363120969,
    "price_spread_pct": 26936.697975079467,
    "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 86.00647794117644,
    "total_trade_value_usd": 297368708
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "export_value_usd": 42384591.85233344,
      "active_destinations": 131,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 33.7204250641537
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "export_value_usd": 44687912.68185579,
      "active_destinations": 131,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 5.4343352828477025
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "export_value_usd": 44096484.6861528,
      "active_destinations": 135,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -1.3234630131720637
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "export_value_usd": 48865972.15618561,
      "active_destinations": 131,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 10.816026501837069
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "export_value_usd": 53952780.55069628,
      "active_destinations": 141,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 10.409714920338011
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "export_value_usd": 50157973.2333565,
      "active_destinations": 136,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -7.03357135370257
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "export_value_usd": 52580300.01039014,
      "active_destinations": 146,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 4.829395250410008
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "export_value_usd": 52609916.12712181,
      "active_destinations": 148,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 0.05632549971343104
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "export_value_usd": 61862872.8086022,
      "active_destinations": 148,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 17.587856743816854
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "export_value_usd": 61851161.5746437,
      "active_destinations": 151,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -0.01893095717480027
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "export_value_usd": 58941434.48757124,
      "active_destinations": 144,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -4.704401684616581
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "export_value_usd": 67658373.09552616,
      "active_destinations": 150,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 14.789152459112659
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "export_value_usd": 59798128.95298742,
      "active_destinations": 151,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -11.617548254435476
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "export_value_usd": 71545912.50098102,
      "active_destinations": 153,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 19.645737673882017
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "export_value_usd": 68249792.66168082,
      "active_destinations": 149,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -4.606999511334774
    }
  ],
  "economy": {
    "year": 2024,
    "country_iso3": "ESP",
    "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
    "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
    "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
    "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
    "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
    "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
    "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
    "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
    "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
    "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
    "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
    "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
    "population": 48848840,
    "labor_force": 22392.15,
    "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
    "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
    "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
    "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
    "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
    "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
    "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
    "num_active_partners": 270,
    "num_fta_partners": 108,
    "num_wto_partners": 169,
    "num_eu_partners": 28,
    "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
    "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
    "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
    "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
    "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
    "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
    "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
    "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
    "num_border_partners": 75,
    "num_colonial_partners": 605,
    "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
    "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
    "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
    "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
    "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
  }
}