{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/490199",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/490199",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/490199",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "490199",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 196,
    "current_lane_count": 164,
    "active_market_count": 164,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 429449874.6176237,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 429362536.9055588,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 440556033.3175886,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 433304161.2077786,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 445296910.7521998,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -2.6932394736004395,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -2.4036075870413676,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -0.7234441022052396,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 495429053.05062133,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 999370505.5226455,
    "historical_peak_year": 2008,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -1.9697953713952,
    "trend_label": "Stable",
    "top_market_iso3": "MEX",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 82130679.84127398,
    "top_market_share_pct": 19.124625409287177,
    "destination_hhi": 941.188943675416,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 21.780470218828217,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": 0.5865385167365764,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 0.3915782500720855,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 61.173603940153555,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 5.1020408163265305,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 100,
    "confidence_label": "High",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 490199,
      "hs_description": "Printed matter: books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter n.e.c. in item no. 4901.10 or 4901.91",
      "hs_chapter": 49,
      "hs_heading": 4901,
      "substitution_elasticity": -16.298405,
      "price_range_label": "Medium price range",
      "trade_type_label": "Two-way vertical trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Printed matter: books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter n.e.c. in item no. 4901.10 or 4901.91",
    "hs_chapter": 49,
    "hs_heading": 4901,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 490199,
        "corridor_rank": 27,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "MEX",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 82130679.84127398,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 72202996.03922985,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 73662859.44311036,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 65907087.54541792,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 65729119.68258236,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 13.037692699160285,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 3.68180731807084,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 1.5418240340794531,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 108344540.12883654,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 292744457.7226661,
        "historical_peak_year": 2002,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 11.495868665080831,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 1.543,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 2.9535,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 55.1724,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 28.05541750651387,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 1.818301137573048,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 40.119463929222974,
        "peer_top_exporter": "USA",
        "supplier_count_latest": 77,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 2602.57,
        "distance_km": 9073.951171875,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.10968114655848483,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.13100950524598787,
        "volatility_cv": 0.2560195080303095,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 52.29745736487674,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['concentrated_buyer_market']",
        "signal_flag": "Stable",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 490199,
        "corridor_rank": 28,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "FRA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 81446675.44893692,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 86385028.76265882,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 106605024.49991821,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 111476349.34299612,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 106210008.237643,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -15.673607253410736,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -4.86873543063584,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -2.284903747570055,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 135825963.1368279,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 694493102.5907437,
        "historical_peak_year": 2021,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -13.388703505840681,
        "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -12.2236,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 2.3305,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 51.7241,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 11.727499545367328,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -4.609775722664411,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 21.99032324490001,
        "peer_top_exporter": "GBR",
        "supplier_count_latest": 160,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1096.64,
        "distance_km": 1054.6563720703125,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 0.30497311508601405,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 40.036003744814636,
        "attention_level": "Stable",
        "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
        "risk_driver_labels": "[]",
        "signal_flag": "Stable",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 490199,
        "corridor_rank": 69,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "ARG",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 32927440.06447098,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 37388040.39358641,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 21940063.05131234,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 20558806.438302524,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 34868066.890682034,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 19.7923564492535,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -8.662034526594486,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 9.009783752647849,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 86865685.75769657,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 61129196.37475235,
        "historical_peak_year": 2018,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 10.782572696605651,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 50.3389,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 6.4995,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 55.1724,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 53.86532461936749,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 16.022103905627617,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 53.86532461936749,
        "peer_top_exporter": "ESP",
        "supplier_count_latest": 72,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 3332.88,
        "distance_km": 10065.849609375,
        "has_reported_fta": 0,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.13766198483434344,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
        "volatility_cv": 0.5750002990555672,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 88.19872419370972,
        "attention_level": "Critical attention",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['unrecovered_drawdown','concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier','long_distance_without_fta']",
        "signal_flag": "Stable",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 490199,
        "corridor_rank": 94,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "CHL",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 24377673.224610053,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 17038519.38272259,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 24181974.30752072,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 23388414.140217982,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 20672705.73221742,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -4.120651011026089,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 3.0236720245380155,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 3.081613861549326,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 27657761.131958533,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 60856996.56917649,
        "historical_peak_year": 2021,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 48.275862068965516,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -7.202264872575415,
        "trend_label": "Declining",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 7.0024,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 3.3663,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 55.1724,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 40.05730581347341,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.8016706433199943,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 40.05730581347342,
        "peer_top_exporter": "ESP",
        "supplier_count_latest": 77,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1983.84,
        "distance_km": 10715.1123046875,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.08822520824080808,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.09109632741068788,
        "volatility_cv": 0.24295133860136375,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 35.877706886184576,
        "attention_level": "Stable",
        "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
        "risk_driver_labels": "[]",
        "signal_flag": "Stable",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 490199,
      "num_markets": 201,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "BLR",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 1405425.1497005988,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "LBR",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 25.714285714285715,
      "median_price_across_markets": 12033.304728546409,
      "price_spread_pct": 11679.247447967296,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 400.31558713450283,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 2252087233
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 472531187.5999127,
        "active_destinations": 169,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -5.856338192571093
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 501691508.3929173,
        "active_destinations": 172,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 6.171089138288649
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 450939199.7648226,
        "active_destinations": 172,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -10.11623832156757
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 441816667.0926863,
        "active_destinations": 171,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -2.0230072428597827
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 461697078.2817575,
        "active_destinations": 171,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 4.499696971572278
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 394029165.18726134,
        "active_destinations": 173,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -14.656344230361531
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 419760012.59036434,
        "active_destinations": 180,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 6.530188543498924
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 466254983.95974225,
        "active_destinations": 175,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 11.076560409471746
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 521500632.21607494,
        "active_destinations": 173,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 11.848805944582194
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 484903507.5296624,
        "active_destinations": 179,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -7.017656820643925
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 378842847.2133083,
        "active_destinations": 170,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -21.87252900204402
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 466009858.87281823,
        "active_destinations": 173,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 23.008752125239514
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 436887964.2039126,
        "active_destinations": 165,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -6.249201409460622
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 455417598.8432946,
        "active_destinations": 159,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 4.241278349964684
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 429362536.9055587,
        "active_destinations": 164,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -5.7211363820617835
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "490199",
    "hs_description": "Printed matter: books, brochures, leaflets and similar printed matter n.e.c. in item no. 4901.10 or 4901.91",
    "hs_chapter": 49,
    "hs_heading": 4901
  },
  "destinations": [
    {
      "hs_code": 490199,
      "corridor_rank": 27,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "MEX",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 30,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 82130679.84127398,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 72202996.03922985,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 73662859.44311036,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 65907087.54541792,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 65729119.68258236,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 13.037692699160285,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 3.68180731807084,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 1.5418240340794531,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 108344540.12883654,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 292744457.7226661,
      "historical_peak_year": 2002,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 11.495868665080831,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 1.543,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 2.9535,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 55.1724,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 28.05541750651387,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": 1.818301137573048,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 40.119463929222974,
      "peer_top_exporter": "USA",
      "supplier_count_latest": 77,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 2602.57,
      "distance_km": 9073.951171875,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.10968114655848483,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.13100950524598787,
      "volatility_cv": 0.2560195080303095,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 52.29745736487674,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['concentrated_buyer_market']",
      "signal_flag": "Stable",
      "confidence_label": "High",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": 490199,
      "corridor_rank": 28,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "FRA",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 30,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 81446675.44893692,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 86385028.76265882,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 106605024.49991821,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 111476349.34299612,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 106210008.237643,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -15.673607253410736,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -4.86873543063584,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -2.284903747570055,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 135825963.1368279,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 694493102.5907437,
      "historical_peak_year": 2021,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -13.388703505840681,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -12.2236,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 2.3305,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 51.7241,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 11.727499545367328,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": -4.609775722664411,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 21.99032324490001,
      "peer_top_exporter": "GBR",
      "supplier_count_latest": 160,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 1096.64,
      "distance_km": 1054.6563720703125,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "volatility_cv": 0.30497311508601405,
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