{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/291816",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/291816",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/291816",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "291816",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 103,
    "current_lane_count": 50,
    "active_market_count": 50,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 2217232.190772368,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 2024304.7461785036,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 1917195.933644104,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 1749247.349619727,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 1461396.719367444,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 5.767437940099285,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 13.616886972384679,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 1.8632554419208969,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 1386419.7366043204,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 5177535.733314858,
    "historical_peak_year": 2024,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": 3.904182498178388,
    "trend_label": "Growing",
    "top_market_iso3": "ITA",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 644523.365085199,
    "top_market_share_pct": 29.06882588876182,
    "destination_hhi": 1468.3885111100353,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 5.890331600853135,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": 0.19335671569185006,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 0.9488171110658801,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 88.28703942294673,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 33.980582524271846,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 100,
    "confidence_label": "High",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 291816,
      "hs_description": "Acids: carboxylic acids, (with alcohol function but without other oxygen function), gluconic acid, its salts and esters",
      "hs_chapter": 29,
      "hs_heading": 2918,
      "substitution_elasticity": -11.463535,
      "price_range_label": "Low price range",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Acids: carboxylic acids, (with alcohol function but without other oxygen function), gluconic acid, its salts and esters",
    "hs_chapter": 29,
    "hs_heading": 2918,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 291816,
        "corridor_rank": 38,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "DEU",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 23,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 134637.2661644753,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 29241.191757694938,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 84268.77944846544,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 73734.90096514244,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 46781.41255122026,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 98.39619242546857,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 42.20635548094944,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 33.515934154175596,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 143235.11824734692,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 12056529.693071172,
        "historical_peak_year": 2012,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 54.54545454545455,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 64.88025827129297,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -13.0932,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 1.7185,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 55.1724,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 1.116716580906782,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.4120699140886479,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 47.35143707169124,
        "peer_top_exporter": "FRA",
        "supplier_count_latest": 27,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 2857.8,
        "distance_km": 1479.33154296875,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 1.4592011148643171,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 96.30452914162491,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','concentrated_buyer_market']",
        "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 291816,
        "corridor_rank": 66,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "USA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 16,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 37655.04738660743,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 17877.263685638223,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 22525.56544527312,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 16934.260161756403,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 16080.534586973048,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 516.959345783843,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -5.063546425130328,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -0.9692795059381143,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 48826.79039477745,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 15927853.323798526,
        "historical_peak_year": 2018,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 60,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 517.928625289781,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -9.7332,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 9.7921,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 55.1724,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 0.23641005866336878,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.06683784919111538,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 33.31090420872789,
        "peer_top_exporter": "FRA",
        "supplier_count_latest": 22,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 2541.91,
        "distance_km": 5770.26416015625,
        "has_reported_fta": 0,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
        "volatility_cv": 0.9082080952308406,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 99.99976046560599,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['concentrated_buyer_market']",
        "signal_flag": "Stable",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 291816,
        "corridor_rank": 70,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "BRA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 15,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 34229.50029249381,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 13060.747075415815,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 24882.764048675068,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 24882.764048675068,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 19298.59650081531,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 61.47254236533806,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 33.30891998093384,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 9.643420074731534,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 43116.06142297402,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 10782894.227555718,
        "historical_peak_year": 1997,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 42.857142857142854,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 51.82912229060652,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 53.4345,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 9.0454,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 0.3174426046489468,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.09637364859620129,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 84.43739772073427,
        "peer_top_exporter": "CHN",
        "supplier_count_latest": 16,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 7236.69,
        "distance_km": 8389.7802734375,
        "has_reported_fta": 0,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.2883659997252525,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
        "volatility_cv": 1.117805507701841,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 99.82927363342837,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier','long_distance_without_fta']",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 291816,
      "num_markets": 75,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "ECU",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 5943000,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "AGO",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 414.8148148148148,
      "median_price_across_markets": 8224.615384615385,
      "price_spread_pct": 72253.6545149714,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 10.28065350877193,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 8087216
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 1486376.1011981335,
        "active_destinations": 38,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 45.03997854785987
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 1326549.6059215118,
        "active_destinations": 42,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -10.752762719192626
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 1190999.4004110836,
        "active_destinations": 44,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -10.218253799583
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 1504598.263966435,
        "active_destinations": 47,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 26.330732278043982
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 1683063.0159999386,
        "active_destinations": 55,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 11.861289242952678
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 1191238.34498455,
        "active_destinations": 49,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -29.22199979085076
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 1268462.2883010046,
        "active_destinations": 52,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 6.48266097557967
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 1223091.236179078,
        "active_destinations": 51,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -3.5768546326037933
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 1115732.3851935496,
        "active_destinations": 43,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -8.777664969697287
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 1069206.1909176235,
        "active_destinations": 50,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -4.170013785864525
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 1283767.4073904576,
        "active_destinations": 52,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 20.0673376468847
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 1710881.5397758665,
        "active_destinations": 48,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 33.27036735210573
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 1852755.3006743419,
        "active_destinations": 48,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 8.292436244128359
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 1874527.7540794662,
        "active_destinations": 40,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 1.1751391776992846
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 2024304.7461785031,
        "active_destinations": 50,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 7.990118672454048
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "291816",
    "hs_description": "Acids: carboxylic acids, (with alcohol function but without other oxygen function), gluconic acid, its salts and esters",
    "hs_chapter": 29,
    "hs_heading": 2918
  },
  "destinations": [
    {
      "hs_code": 291816,
      "corridor_rank": 38,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "DEU",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 23,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 134637.2661644753,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 29241.191757694938,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 84268.77944846544,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 73734.90096514244,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 46781.41255122026,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 98.39619242546857,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 42.20635548094944,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 33.515934154175596,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 143235.11824734692,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 12056529.693071172,
      "historical_peak_year": 2012,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 54.54545454545455,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 64.88025827129297,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -13.0932,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 1.7185,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 55.1724,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 1.116716580906782,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.4120699140886479,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 47.35143707169124,
      "peer_top_exporter": "FRA",
      "supplier_count_latest": 27,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 2857.8,
      "distance_km": 1479.33154296875,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "volatility_cv": 1.4592011148643171,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 96.30452914162491,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','concentrated_buyer_market']",
      "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
      "confidence_label": "High",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": 291816,
      "corridor_rank": 66,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 16,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 37655.04738660743,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 17877.263685638223,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 22525.56544527312,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 16934.260161756403,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 16080.534586973048,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 516.959345783843,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -5.063546425130328,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -0.9692795059381143,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 48826.79039477745,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 15927853.323798526,
      "historical_peak_year": 2018,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 60,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 517.928625289781,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -9.7332,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 9.7921,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 55.1724,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 0.23641005866336878,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.06683784919111538,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 33.31090420872789,
      "peer_top_exporter": "FRA",
      "supplier_count_latest": 22,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 2541.91,
      "distance_km": 5770.26416015625,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "volatility_cv": 0.9082080952308406,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 99.99976046560599,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['concentrated_buyer_market']",
      "signal_flag": "Stable",
      "confidence_label": "High",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": 291816,
      "corridor_rank": 70,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BRA",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 15,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 34229.50029249381,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 13060.747075415815,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 24882.764048675068,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 24882.764048675068,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 19298.59650081531,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 61.47254236533806,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 33.30891998093384,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 9.643420074731534,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 43116.06142297402,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 10782894.227555718,
      "historical_peak_year": 1997,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 42.857142857142854,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 51.82912229060652,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 53.4345,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 9.0454,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 0.3174426046489468,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.09637364859620129,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 84.43739772073427,
      "peer_top_exporter": "CHN",
      "supplier_count_latest": 16,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 7236.69,
      "distance_km": 8389.7802734375,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.2883659997252525,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "volatility_cv": 1.117805507701841,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 99.82927363342837,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier','long_distance_without_fta']",
      "signal_flag": "Growing",
      "confidence_label": "High",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
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}