{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/283220",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/283220",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/283220",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "283220",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 117,
    "current_lane_count": 50,
    "active_market_count": 50,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 3133715.6564809075,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 2929366.6752690277,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 3747762.9499349236,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 3423742.1468098992,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 2633037.8166196095,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -3.2521123412758035,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 4.2411916540789685,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 10.030933754850825,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 1665781.4982919642,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 6464679.985607342,
    "historical_peak_year": 2022,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 62.06896551724138,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -13.283046096126629,
    "trend_label": "Declining",
    "top_market_iso3": "PRT",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 1595170.042187313,
    "top_market_share_pct": 50.903471056421665,
    "destination_hhi": 3051.138355258581,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 45.819443888829674,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": 2.7070084042718663,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 1.2435598729762802,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 80.6800194423028,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 36.75213675213675,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 100,
    "confidence_label": "High",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 283220,
      "hs_description": "Sulphites: other than of sodium",
      "hs_chapter": 28,
      "hs_heading": 2832,
      "substitution_elasticity": -9.1328583,
      "price_range_label": "Low price range",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Sulphites: other than of sodium",
    "hs_chapter": 28,
    "hs_heading": 2832,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 283220,
        "corridor_rank": 5,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "FRA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 630868.3235084326,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 388303.89616807335,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 717730.1438973127,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 613812.4394323914,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 609898.350497683,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 26.66032960750131,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -0.5582546306531655,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 0.2974780177418701,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 930695.6555586309,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 14466315.92217116,
        "historical_peak_year": 2010,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 26.36285158975944,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -20.4028,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 5.6148,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 62.069,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 4.360946677111897,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -0.27140925525530246,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 46.46655502024583,
        "peer_top_exporter": "ITA",
        "supplier_count_latest": 22,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 4057.03,
        "distance_km": 1054.6563720703125,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 0.8152386301010804,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 90.63618014624826,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['concentrated_buyer_market']",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 283220,
        "corridor_rank": 13,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "MEX",
        "latest_data_year": 2023,
        "lane_data_years": 12,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 64537.378706382515,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 209798.79548606384,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 320385.3753449188,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 368380.05473653064,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 279708.287278036,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -45.71953699210941,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -34.69113510225672,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 112.35925038779064,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 543188.5965920549,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 18368797.92113771,
        "historical_peak_year": 2018,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 45.45454545454545,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -158.07878737990006,
        "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -1.4007,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 14.6662,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 62.069,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 0.3464213014299988,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -1.6675348016244775,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 96.82685002162034,
        "peer_top_exporter": "USA",
        "supplier_count_latest": 19,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 9376.97,
        "distance_km": 9073.951171875,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.10968114655848483,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.13100950524598787,
        "volatility_cv": 1.056229960769921,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 88.11878984365879,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','unrecovered_drawdown','concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier']",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "Medium",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 283220,
      "num_markets": 67,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "EGY",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 286875,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "AGO",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 5.0761421319796955,
      "median_price_across_markets": 2972.0205886234658,
      "price_spread_pct": 9652.35318207321,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 97.55401463414638,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 16294983
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 1682305.9953003805,
        "active_destinations": 33,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 130.93640396199316
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 1117903.8371121222,
        "active_destinations": 35,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -33.54931622219433
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 1293340.349725353,
        "active_destinations": 45,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 15.693345598171977
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 1300046.1429206682,
        "active_destinations": 41,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 0.5184863517742393
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 1126226.5243539219,
        "active_destinations": 42,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -13.370265318140575
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 1106830.9233305852,
        "active_destinations": 41,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -1.7221758326517165
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 1477254.2733829464,
        "active_destinations": 48,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 33.46702212996665
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 1738867.3390427367,
        "active_destinations": 44,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 17.709413360551014
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 2508715.2123957817,
        "active_destinations": 44,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 44.27295033195883
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 2379999.683994549,
        "active_destinations": 42,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -5.130734958086836
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 2640608.273653132,
        "active_destinations": 38,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 10.949942195840222
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 3234813.610591593,
        "active_destinations": 49,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 22.502593166399947
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 4447820.822760056,
        "active_destinations": 49,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 37.498519488009194
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 3866101.3517756844,
        "active_destinations": 48,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -13.07875236357634
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 2929366.6752690272,
        "active_destinations": 50,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -24.229439201753436
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "283220",
    "hs_description": "Sulphites: other than of sodium",
    "hs_chapter": 28,
    "hs_heading": 2832
  },
  "destinations": [
    {
      "hs_code": 283220,
      "corridor_rank": 5,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "FRA",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 30,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 630868.3235084326,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 388303.89616807335,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 717730.1438973127,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 613812.4394323914,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 609898.350497683,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 26.66032960750131,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -0.5582546306531655,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 0.2974780177418701,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 930695.6555586309,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 14466315.92217116,
      "historical_peak_year": 2010,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 26.36285158975944,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -20.4028,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 5.6148,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 62.069,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 4.360946677111897,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": -0.27140925525530246,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 46.46655502024583,
      "peer_top_exporter": "ITA",
      "supplier_count_latest": 22,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 4057.03,
      "distance_km": 1054.6563720703125,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "volatility_cv": 0.8152386301010804,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 90.63618014624826,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['concentrated_buyer_market']",
      "signal_flag": "Growing",
      "confidence_label": "High",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": 283220,
      "corridor_rank": 13,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "MEX",
      "latest_data_year": 2023,
      "lane_data_years": 12,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 64537.378706382515,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 209798.79548606384,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 320385.3753449188,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 368380.05473653064,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 279708.287278036,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -45.71953699210941,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -34.69113510225672,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 112.35925038779064,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 543188.5965920549,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 18368797.92113771,
      "historical_peak_year": 2018,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 45.45454545454545,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -158.07878737990006,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -1.4007,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 14.6662,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 62.069,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 0.3464213014299988,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": -1.6675348016244775,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 96.82685002162034,
      "peer_top_exporter": "USA",
      "supplier_count_latest": 19,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 9376.97,
      "distance_km": 9073.951171875,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.10968114655848483,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.13100950524598787,
      "volatility_cv": 1.056229960769921,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 88.11878984365879,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','unrecovered_drawdown','concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier']",
      "signal_flag": "Growing",
      "confidence_label": "Medium",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    }
  ],
  "prices": [],
  "priceSummary": {
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "hs_code": 283220,
    "num_markets": 67,
    "highest_price_importer_iso3": "EGY",
    "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 286875,
    "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "AGO",
    "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 5.0761421319796955,
    "median_price_across_markets": 2972.0205886234658,
    "price_spread_pct": 9652.35318207321,
    "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 97.55401463414638,
    "total_trade_value_usd": 16294983
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "export_value_usd": 1682305.9953003805,
      "active_destinations": 33,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 130.93640396199316
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "export_value_usd": 1117903.8371121222,
      "active_destinations": 35,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -33.54931622219433
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "export_value_usd": 1293340.349725353,
      "active_destinations": 45,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 15.693345598171977
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "export_value_usd": 1300046.1429206682,
      "active_destinations": 41,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 0.5184863517742393
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "export_value_usd": 1126226.5243539219,
      "active_destinations": 42,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -13.370265318140575
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "export_value_usd": 1106830.9233305852,
      "active_destinations": 41,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -1.7221758326517165
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "export_value_usd": 1477254.2733829464,
      "active_destinations": 48,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 33.46702212996665
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "export_value_usd": 1738867.3390427367,
      "active_destinations": 44,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 17.709413360551014
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "export_value_usd": 2508715.2123957817,
      "active_destinations": 44,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 44.27295033195883
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "export_value_usd": 2379999.683994549,
      "active_destinations": 42,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -5.130734958086836
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "export_value_usd": 2640608.273653132,
      "active_destinations": 38,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 10.949942195840222
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "export_value_usd": 3234813.610591593,
      "active_destinations": 49,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 22.502593166399947
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "export_value_usd": 4447820.822760056,
      "active_destinations": 49,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 37.498519488009194
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "export_value_usd": 3866101.3517756844,
      "active_destinations": 48,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -13.07875236357634
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "export_value_usd": 2929366.6752690272,
      "active_destinations": 50,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -24.229439201753436
    }
  ],
  "economy": {
    "year": 2024,
    "country_iso3": "ESP",
    "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
    "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
    "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
    "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
    "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
    "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
    "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
    "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
    "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
    "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
    "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
    "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
    "population": 48848840,
    "labor_force": 22392.15,
    "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
    "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
    "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
    "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
    "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
    "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
    "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
    "num_active_partners": 270,
    "num_fta_partners": 108,
    "num_wto_partners": 169,
    "num_eu_partners": 28,
    "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
    "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
    "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
    "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
    "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
    "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
    "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
    "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
    "num_border_partners": 75,
    "num_colonial_partners": 605,
    "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
    "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
    "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
    "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
    "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
  }
}