{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/282741",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/282741",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/282741",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "282741",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 78,
    "current_lane_count": 17,
    "active_market_count": 17,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 9222579.993544096,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 6988834.805628765,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 5942439.790067495,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 6062485.405738499,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 6269257.571061743,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -1.515393758810779,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 0.8376969029463277,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 2.1768559703067236,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 6906871.213582208,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 22344000.091848902,
    "historical_peak_year": 2011,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -3.6922497291175027,
    "trend_label": "Stable",
    "top_market_iso3": "NLD",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 1629459.0496008764,
    "top_market_share_pct": 17.668147641348895,
    "destination_hhi": 994.1309812450568,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 49.043090161723136,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": 20.413051856559903,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 0.8452611496851988,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 84.0462676375547,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 64.1025641025641,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 78.5,
    "confidence_label": "Medium",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 282741,
      "hs_description": "Chloride oxides and chloride hydroxides: of copper",
      "hs_chapter": 28,
      "hs_heading": 2827,
      "substitution_elasticity": -25.044399,
      "price_range_label": "Medium price range",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Chloride oxides and chloride hydroxides: of copper",
    "hs_chapter": 28,
    "hs_heading": 2827,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 282741,
        "corridor_rank": 7,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "USA",
        "latest_data_year": 2020,
        "lane_data_years": 3,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 90250.0139658347,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 31547.469260061855,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 47316.990789020645,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 47316.990789020645,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 47316.990789020645,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 2104.3055868876313,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 539.6804542388173,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 152.9190491518615,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 90250.0139658347,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 23319812.775834143,
        "historical_peak_year": 2020,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 100,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 1951.3865377357697,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 78.1755,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 16.6567,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 0.7906406966436871,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.7441084262911911,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 59.075719320923014,
        "peer_top_exporter": "CHL",
        "supplier_count_latest": 11,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 4259.03,
        "distance_km": 5770.26416015625,
        "has_reported_fta": 0,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
        "volatility_cv": 1.316979993252377,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 0,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier','limited_history']",
        "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
        "confidence_label": "Low",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 282741,
      "num_markets": 41,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "NOR",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 265000,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "CAN",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 566.6761436927759,
      "median_price_across_markets": 6328.771777496744,
      "price_spread_pct": 4178.272390806611,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 74.56701030927834,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 34877793
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 4095745.3513862067,
        "active_destinations": 11,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 109.24283020834731
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 9867486.161045598,
        "active_destinations": 19,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 140.92040189231844
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 5605796.866265441,
        "active_destinations": 19,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -43.189209746290345
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 4885252.798585793,
        "active_destinations": 21,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -12.85355293581431
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 5634811.91352883,
        "active_destinations": 18,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 15.343302503404182
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 5810438.468959081,
        "active_destinations": 22,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 3.1168130919966086
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 5606658.406002153,
        "active_destinations": 17,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -3.5071374397229396
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 7165591.730340487,
        "active_destinations": 24,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 27.805034861218473
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 7094136.476415572,
        "active_destinations": 20,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -0.9971996258503026
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 6703323.600207642,
        "active_destinations": 20,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -5.508956269831936
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 5168669.32284391,
        "active_destinations": 19,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -22.893930964576946
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 7316438.335646102,
        "active_destinations": 20,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 41.553616194979256
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 6615645.598936876,
        "active_destinations": 18,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -9.578331758704559
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 4222838.965636843,
        "active_destinations": 18,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -36.16890592937072
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 6988834.805628765,
        "active_destinations": 17,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 65.50086002568618
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "282741",
    "hs_description": "Chloride oxides and chloride hydroxides: of copper",
    "hs_chapter": 28,
    "hs_heading": 2827
  },
  "destinations": [
    {
      "hs_code": 282741,
      "corridor_rank": 7,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "latest_data_year": 2020,
      "lane_data_years": 3,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 90250.0139658347,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 31547.469260061855,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 47316.990789020645,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 47316.990789020645,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 47316.990789020645,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 2104.3055868876313,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 539.6804542388173,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 152.9190491518615,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 90250.0139658347,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 23319812.775834143,
      "historical_peak_year": 2020,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 100,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 1951.3865377357697,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 78.1755,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 16.6567,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 0.7906406966436871,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.7441084262911911,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 59.075719320923014,
      "peer_top_exporter": "CHL",
      "supplier_count_latest": 11,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 4259.03,
      "distance_km": 5770.26416015625,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "volatility_cv": 1.316979993252377,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 0,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier','limited_history']",
      "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
      "confidence_label": "Low",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    }
  ],
  "prices": [],
  "priceSummary": {
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "hs_code": 282741,
    "num_markets": 41,
    "highest_price_importer_iso3": "NOR",
    "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 265000,
    "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "CAN",
    "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 566.6761436927759,
    "median_price_across_markets": 6328.771777496744,
    "price_spread_pct": 4178.272390806611,
    "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 74.56701030927834,
    "total_trade_value_usd": 34877793
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "export_value_usd": 4095745.3513862067,
      "active_destinations": 11,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 109.24283020834731
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "export_value_usd": 9867486.161045598,
      "active_destinations": 19,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 140.92040189231844
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "export_value_usd": 5605796.866265441,
      "active_destinations": 19,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -43.189209746290345
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "export_value_usd": 4885252.798585793,
      "active_destinations": 21,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -12.85355293581431
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "export_value_usd": 5634811.91352883,
      "active_destinations": 18,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 15.343302503404182
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "export_value_usd": 5810438.468959081,
      "active_destinations": 22,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 3.1168130919966086
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "export_value_usd": 5606658.406002153,
      "active_destinations": 17,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -3.5071374397229396
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "export_value_usd": 7165591.730340487,
      "active_destinations": 24,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 27.805034861218473
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "export_value_usd": 7094136.476415572,
      "active_destinations": 20,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -0.9971996258503026
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "export_value_usd": 6703323.600207642,
      "active_destinations": 20,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -5.508956269831936
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "export_value_usd": 5168669.32284391,
      "active_destinations": 19,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -22.893930964576946
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "export_value_usd": 7316438.335646102,
      "active_destinations": 20,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 41.553616194979256
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "export_value_usd": 6615645.598936876,
      "active_destinations": 18,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -9.578331758704559
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "export_value_usd": 4222838.965636843,
      "active_destinations": 18,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -36.16890592937072
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "export_value_usd": 6988834.805628765,
      "active_destinations": 17,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 65.50086002568618
    }
  ],
  "economy": {
    "year": 2024,
    "country_iso3": "ESP",
    "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
    "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
    "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
    "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
    "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
    "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
    "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
    "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
    "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
    "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
    "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
    "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
    "population": 48848840,
    "labor_force": 22392.15,
    "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
    "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
    "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
    "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
    "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
    "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
    "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
    "num_active_partners": 270,
    "num_fta_partners": 108,
    "num_wto_partners": 169,
    "num_eu_partners": 28,
    "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
    "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
    "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
    "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
    "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
    "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
    "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
    "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
    "num_border_partners": 75,
    "num_colonial_partners": 605,
    "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
    "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
    "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
    "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
    "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
  }
}