{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/281810",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/281810",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/281810",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "281810",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 100,
    "current_lane_count": 38,
    "active_market_count": 38,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 3066300.7497285106,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 642762.5361347912,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 2757857.3271057867,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 3179930.8002568213,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 2604746.9784774696,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -18.5814367004427,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -32.11626050164885,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -10.78778929583677,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 2338763.802339652,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 11745666.783922873,
    "historical_peak_year": 2020,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -7.793647404605931,
    "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
    "top_market_iso3": "RUS",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 2110734.6826060303,
    "top_market_share_pct": 68.83651849196183,
    "destination_hhi": 4825.234411771743,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 5.315910539553667,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": 0.8292941279608951,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 1.6049100206220788,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 95.5021753429536,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 36,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 99,
    "confidence_label": "High",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 281810,
      "hs_description": "Aluminium oxide: artificial corundum",
      "hs_chapter": 28,
      "hs_heading": 2818,
      "substitution_elasticity": -31.429192,
      "price_range_label": "Medium price range",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Aluminium oxide: artificial corundum",
    "hs_chapter": 28,
    "hs_heading": 2818,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 281810,
        "corridor_rank": 84,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "RUS",
        "latest_data_year": 2023,
        "lane_data_years": 19,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 2110734.6826060303,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 813718.2529955812,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 1459537.5070594987,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 2728401.277121031,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 1543021.8119951715,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -28.62492096973497,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 53.11914982570818,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 142.10357707180194,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 5804887.934497027,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 26488334.096280612,
        "historical_peak_year": 2020,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 38.888888888888886,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -170.7284980415369,
        "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -28.4232,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 8.8097,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 58.6207,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 5.703630439099215,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.8871854228283533,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 49.79350891625916,
        "peer_top_exporter": "CHN",
        "supplier_count_latest": 16,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 3865.72,
        "distance_km": 3449.299560546875,
        "has_reported_fta": 0,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.11425769714942528,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
        "volatility_cv": 1.8491358762272951,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 99.79643021610246,
        "attention_level": "High attention",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','unrecovered_drawdown','concentrated_buyer_market']",
        "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
        "confidence_label": "Medium",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 281810,
      "num_markets": 77,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "CHE",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 575000,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "HKG",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 90.44260700389106,
      "median_price_across_markets": 2133.5113484646195,
      "price_spread_pct": 26946.636951649194,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 113.26230275229356,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 10067635
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 1688013.088128856,
        "active_destinations": 26,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 10.04334437048696
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 1928028.0594124838,
        "active_destinations": 30,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 14.218786155839696
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 1661159.5059246677,
        "active_destinations": 33,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -13.841528508103629
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 2194732.7360169413,
        "active_destinations": 40,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 32.120529557170094
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 2012832.0602153167,
        "active_destinations": 46,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -8.28805589020113
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 1156374.838384812,
        "active_destinations": 50,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -42.54985990927071
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 2077906.7458598793,
        "active_destinations": 44,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 79.69145270942025
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 1100674.2457462077,
        "active_destinations": 54,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -47.029661078908205
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 1354021.2249014212,
        "active_destinations": 46,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 23.017435007162877
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 4458838.728598269,
        "active_destinations": 44,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 229.30345895596224
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 6435168.428225289,
        "active_destinations": 43,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 44.32386591941893
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 1190913.5917414583,
        "active_destinations": 40,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -81.49366865802622
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 4356958.773081237,
        "active_destinations": 40,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 265.8501173632681
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 3273850.672101331,
        "active_destinations": 42,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -24.859268985323297
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 642762.5361347911,
        "active_destinations": 38,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -80.36677293768466
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "281810",
    "hs_description": "Aluminium oxide: artificial corundum",
    "hs_chapter": 28,
    "hs_heading": 2818
  },
  "destinations": [
    {
      "hs_code": 281810,
      "corridor_rank": 84,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "RUS",
      "latest_data_year": 2023,
      "lane_data_years": 19,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 2110734.6826060303,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 813718.2529955812,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 1459537.5070594987,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 2728401.277121031,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 1543021.8119951715,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -28.62492096973497,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 53.11914982570818,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 142.10357707180194,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 5804887.934497027,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 26488334.096280612,
      "historical_peak_year": 2020,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 38.888888888888886,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -170.7284980415369,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -28.4232,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 8.8097,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 58.6207,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 5.703630439099215,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.8871854228283533,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 49.79350891625916,
      "peer_top_exporter": "CHN",
      "supplier_count_latest": 16,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 3865.72,
      "distance_km": 3449.299560546875,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.11425769714942528,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "volatility_cv": 1.8491358762272951,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 99.79643021610246,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','unrecovered_drawdown','concentrated_buyer_market']",
      "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
      "confidence_label": "Medium",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    }
  ],
  "prices": [],
  "priceSummary": {
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "hs_code": 281810,
    "num_markets": 77,
    "highest_price_importer_iso3": "CHE",
    "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 575000,
    "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "HKG",
    "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 90.44260700389106,
    "median_price_across_markets": 2133.5113484646195,
    "price_spread_pct": 26946.636951649194,
    "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 113.26230275229356,
    "total_trade_value_usd": 10067635
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "export_value_usd": 1688013.088128856,
      "active_destinations": 26,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 10.04334437048696
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "export_value_usd": 1928028.0594124838,
      "active_destinations": 30,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 14.218786155839696
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "export_value_usd": 1661159.5059246677,
      "active_destinations": 33,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -13.841528508103629
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "export_value_usd": 2194732.7360169413,
      "active_destinations": 40,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 32.120529557170094
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "export_value_usd": 2012832.0602153167,
      "active_destinations": 46,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -8.28805589020113
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "export_value_usd": 1156374.838384812,
      "active_destinations": 50,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -42.54985990927071
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "export_value_usd": 2077906.7458598793,
      "active_destinations": 44,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 79.69145270942025
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "export_value_usd": 1100674.2457462077,
      "active_destinations": 54,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -47.029661078908205
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "export_value_usd": 1354021.2249014212,
      "active_destinations": 46,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 23.017435007162877
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "export_value_usd": 4458838.728598269,
      "active_destinations": 44,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 229.30345895596224
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "export_value_usd": 6435168.428225289,
      "active_destinations": 43,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 44.32386591941893
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "export_value_usd": 1190913.5917414583,
      "active_destinations": 40,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -81.49366865802622
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "export_value_usd": 4356958.773081237,
      "active_destinations": 40,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 265.8501173632681
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "export_value_usd": 3273850.672101331,
      "active_destinations": 42,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -24.859268985323297
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "export_value_usd": 642762.5361347911,
      "active_destinations": 38,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -80.36677293768466
    }
  ],
  "economy": {
    "year": 2024,
    "country_iso3": "ESP",
    "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
    "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
    "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
    "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
    "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
    "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
    "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
    "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
    "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
    "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
    "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
    "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
    "population": 48848840,
    "labor_force": 22392.15,
    "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
    "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
    "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
    "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
    "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
    "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
    "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
    "num_active_partners": 270,
    "num_fta_partners": 108,
    "num_wto_partners": 169,
    "num_eu_partners": 28,
    "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
    "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
    "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
    "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
    "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
    "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
    "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
    "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
    "num_border_partners": 75,
    "num_colonial_partners": 605,
    "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
    "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
    "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
    "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
    "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
  }
}