{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/280700",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/280700",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/280700",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "280700",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 161,
    "current_lane_count": 79,
    "active_market_count": 79,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 79628901.85526529,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 73595101.76480249,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 91359764.75814502,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 83004833.34562182,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 70976255.63991539,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -5.689871324059325,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -2.287358104242665,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 3.3699899303770486,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 50067512.08836974,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 175095283.46701103,
    "historical_peak_year": 2022,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -9.059861254436374,
    "trend_label": "Declining",
    "top_market_iso3": "USA",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 19763730.98002525,
    "top_market_share_pct": 24.81979597803334,
    "destination_hhi": 1519.4584563955077,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 30.30774797490334,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": -0.47300458560432485,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 0.9157314791739865,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 75.4413215415445,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 25.46583850931677,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 100,
    "confidence_label": "High",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 280700,
      "hs_description": "Sulphuric acid: oleum",
      "hs_chapter": 28,
      "hs_heading": 2807,
      "substitution_elasticity": null,
      "price_range_label": "High price range",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Sulphuric acid: oleum",
    "hs_chapter": 28,
    "hs_heading": 2807,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 280700,
        "corridor_rank": 18,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "USA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 26,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 19763730.98002525,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 7306355.581035743,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 24374025.02075373,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 19269985.562533863,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 14565745.589049155,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 38.942223777281825,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 2.5832626506439693,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 11.012901560247347,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 27119501.26213719,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 385357127.8189546,
        "historical_peak_year": 2022,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 48,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 27.92932221703448,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -10.5199,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 18.4323,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 34.4828,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 5.1286792311028675,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -0.9639895151652516,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 55.74065307573467,
        "peer_top_exporter": "CAN",
        "supplier_count_latest": 30,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 3607.61,
        "distance_km": 5770.26416015625,
        "has_reported_fta": 0,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
        "volatility_cv": 1.0871416698779741,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 79.79774597576295,
        "attention_level": "High attention",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier']",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 280700,
        "corridor_rank": 31,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "BRA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 13899462.390392007,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 6041798.905301949,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 15345082.490179447,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 14669856.233662223,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 12579466.26126789,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -12.51765373897128,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -6.481181471417874,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 4.689361476114673,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 21108392.484332923,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 53281845.82153485,
        "historical_peak_year": 2022,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -17.207015215085953,
        "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 36.9684,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 39.5434,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 62.069,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 26.086675820030013,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -2.2607650630685363,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 26.08667582003002,
        "peer_top_exporter": "ESP",
        "supplier_count_latest": 24,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1528.47,
        "distance_km": 8389.7802734375,
        "has_reported_fta": 0,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.2883659997252525,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
        "volatility_cv": 1.0231891480199193,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 77.05956631063023,
        "attention_level": "High attention",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','long_distance_without_fta']",
        "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 280700,
        "corridor_rank": 33,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "PRT",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 12801217.868595418,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 5748077.20688377,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 15236553.197443945,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 12905207.899228401,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 9353290.429947633,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 6.775647448636657,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 6.187967368789793,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 10.218227338981611,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 19776444.740392752,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 12923423.130342398,
        "historical_peak_year": 2022,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -3.4425798903449545,
        "trend_label": "Growing",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -4.3413,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 15.1476,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 44.8276,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 99.05438937877025,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 1.851787648714165,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 99.05438937877025,
        "peer_top_exporter": "ESP",
        "supplier_count_latest": 10,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 9812.02,
        "distance_km": 500.9222717285156,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 0.7242583517550917,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 79.21224066026126,
        "attention_level": "High attention",
        "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier']",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 280700,
        "corridor_rank": 42,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "FRA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 11091778.594912015,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 6412774.207109118,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 12238460.32853961,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 10187843.709049307,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 8911588.656101981,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 12.383710494610533,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 6.303441492090678,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 2.1070508879788674,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 13512330.971767833,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 58382415.93011194,
        "historical_peak_year": 2022,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 48.275862068965516,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 10.276659606631664,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 10.3951,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 9.8197,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 55.1724,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 18.998491957218235,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -3.9026643432013337,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 25.206108348590135,
        "peer_top_exporter": "DEU",
        "supplier_count_latest": 34,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1969.8,
        "distance_km": 1054.6563720703125,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 0.5054438538323299,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 53.11558624945953,
        "attention_level": "Stable",
        "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
        "risk_driver_labels": "[]",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 280700,
        "corridor_rank": 57,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "MAR",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 8724921.700622488,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 5506628.098850505,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 7744758.005536477,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 10069079.818689793,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 9545103.271992693,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -24.67355845781921,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -5.0926985238108795,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -0.06506722618123684,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 20413580.384188052,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 133440042.54902756,
        "historical_peak_year": 2021,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -24.608491231637974,
        "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 152.751,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 60.9407,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 62.069,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 6.5384584221912565,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -1.4711214892462685,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 45.271695450943525,
        "peer_top_exporter": "CHN",
        "supplier_count_latest": 22,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 2353.51,
        "distance_km": 762.6525268554688,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.4768519003587878,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.4695611095118484,
        "volatility_cv": 0.9382561814533298,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 79.2850530406351,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['unrecovered_drawdown']",
        "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 280700,
      "num_markets": 121,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "DOM",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 111500,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "VEN",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 3.0476473679279485,
      "median_price_across_markets": 1474.7579529737206,
      "price_spread_pct": 7560.356065740021,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 12408.221838383839,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 410517740
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 42112004.525027,
        "active_destinations": 79,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -2.0747676850241072
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 65798665.27911639,
        "active_destinations": 86,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 56.24681375595052
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 77981265.09947893,
        "active_destinations": 85,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 18.514964959675453
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 45781163.14251176,
        "active_destinations": 85,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -41.292099988234646
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 52832866.02315398,
        "active_destinations": 88,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 15.403066232046223
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 58725194.56844144,
        "active_destinations": 93,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 11.152770971586417
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 43286187.87244081,
        "active_destinations": 97,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -26.290260610387932
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 41353048.28040015,
        "active_destinations": 99,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -4.465950195793143
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 68752067.69221666,
        "active_destinations": 95,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 66.2563475999003
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 82621891.25754574,
        "active_destinations": 84,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 20.17368208825414
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 53209666.893145144,
        "active_destinations": 78,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -35.59858521359425
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 87735205.560529,
        "active_destinations": 81,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 64.88583876444392
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 109856286.1666966,
        "active_destinations": 79,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 25.21345959679338
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 90627906.34293595,
        "active_destinations": 74,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -17.503213056541327
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 73595101.7648025,
        "active_destinations": 79,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -18.794216114494937
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "280700",
    "hs_description": "Sulphuric acid: oleum",
    "hs_chapter": 28,
    "hs_heading": 2807
  },
  "destinations": [
    {
      "hs_code": 280700,
      "corridor_rank": 18,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 26,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 19763730.98002525,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 7306355.581035743,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 24374025.02075373,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 19269985.562533863,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 14565745.589049155,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 38.942223777281825,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 2.5832626506439693,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 11.012901560247347,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 27119501.26213719,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 385357127.8189546,
      "historical_peak_year": 2022,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 48,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 27.92932221703448,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -10.5199,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 18.4323,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 34.4828,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 5.1286792311028675,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": -0.9639895151652516,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 55.74065307573467,
      "peer_top_exporter": "CAN",
      "supplier_count_latest": 30,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 3607.61,
      "distance_km": 5770.26416015625,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "volatility_cv": 1.0871416698779741,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 79.79774597576295,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier']",
      "signal_flag": "Growing",
      "confidence_label": "High",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    },
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