{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/260400",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/260400",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/260400",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "260400",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 49,
    "current_lane_count": 3,
    "active_market_count": 3,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 7566917.889316165,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 53877.60736497438,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 129708.09748527559,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 613991.6594217573,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 11550026.87554929,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -41.21327738307324,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -17.04717326113131,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -53.95813190922355,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 89528984.82725708,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 228684858.6433975,
    "historical_peak_year": 2007,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 41.37931034482759,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": 12.744854526150313,
    "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
    "top_market_iso3": "FIN",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 4145558.771048934,
    "top_market_share_pct": 54.78530138277442,
    "destination_hhi": 3661.0343094516697,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 15.10480827547742,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": 11.111181847324735,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 0.6818372912906432,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 75.45956630364365,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 83.6734693877551,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 71.5,
    "confidence_label": "Medium",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 260400,
      "hs_description": "Nickel ores and concentrates",
      "hs_chapter": 26,
      "hs_heading": 2604,
      "substitution_elasticity": null,
      "price_range_label": "Low price range",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Nickel ores and concentrates",
    "hs_chapter": 26,
    "hs_heading": 2604,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 260400,
        "corridor_rank": 46,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "FIN",
        "latest_data_year": 2016,
        "lane_data_years": 3,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 4145558.771048934,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 6495743.60550275,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 4145558.771048934,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 4145558.771048934,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 6495743.60550275,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 32.769722073461935,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 18.53850009951652,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": null,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 13570397.26966245,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 264960511.87551183,
        "historical_peak_year": 2010,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 50,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": null,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 11.8773,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 14.8707,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 51.7241,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 3.8386994059423705,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 3.50531597040302,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 33.489647156165,
        "peer_top_exporter": "CAN",
        "supplier_count_latest": 11,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 2476.52,
        "distance_km": 2952.194580078125,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.03786010987878788,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.03786010987878788,
        "volatility_cv": 0.7844485232222072,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 86.94750978472331,
        "attention_level": "High attention",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['unrecovered_drawdown','limited_history']",
        "signal_flag": "Declining",
        "confidence_label": "Low",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 260400,
        "corridor_rank": 72,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "MYS",
        "latest_data_year": 2018,
        "lane_data_years": 1,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 423548.1840573972,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 423548.1840573972,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 423548.1840573972,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 423548.1840573972,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 423548.1840573972,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": null,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": null,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": null,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 423548.1840573972,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 12204072.897408042,
        "historical_peak_year": 2018,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": null,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": null,
        "trend_label": "Insufficient history",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 50892.8001,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 2412.4477,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 48.2759,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 91.67472160822574,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 91.67472160822574,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 88.35670063349866,
        "peer_top_exporter": "AUS",
        "supplier_count_latest": 8,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 7853.84,
        "distance_km": 11084.6552734375,
        "has_reported_fta": 0,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.1339099772020202,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
        "volatility_cv": 0,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 0,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier','long_distance_without_fta','limited_history']",
        "signal_flag": "Declining",
        "confidence_label": "Low",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 260400,
      "num_markets": 16,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "CHL",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 224000,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "ZAF",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 102.3391812865497,
      "median_price_across_markets": 10250,
      "price_spread_pct": 2184.367422621595,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 147.28548,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 5754010
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 141341499.5029062,
        "active_destinations": 8,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 60.06688251858142
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 52892026.42457035,
        "active_destinations": 6,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -62.57855858994703
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 17161819.434276856,
        "active_destinations": 7,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -67.55310659395622
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 90269001.4156437,
        "active_destinations": 5,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 425.98736259485264
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 125857452.92800143,
        "active_destinations": 8,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 39.424886676757026
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 100851997.86591132,
        "active_destinations": 6,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -19.86807652654058
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 10418100.38316455,
        "active_destinations": 8,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -89.66991174828681
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 312906.582493115,
        "active_destinations": 8,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -96.9965101987425
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 710137.7703715136,
        "active_destinations": 5,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 126.94881159527509
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 137167.85644360702,
        "active_destinations": 5,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -80.68433166541097
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 2415635.81523216,
        "active_destinations": 5,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 1661.0800940271936
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 265198.1894207996,
        "active_destinations": 8,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -89.0215988789141
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 235382.9006412349,
        "active_destinations": 3,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -11.242644169133333
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 99863.78444961748,
        "active_destinations": 4,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -57.57390015265913
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 53877.60736497438,
        "active_destinations": 3,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -46.048902851106845
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "260400",
    "hs_description": "Nickel ores and concentrates",
    "hs_chapter": 26,
    "hs_heading": 2604
  },
  "destinations": [
    {
      "hs_code": 260400,
      "corridor_rank": 46,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "FIN",
      "latest_data_year": 2016,
      "lane_data_years": 3,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 4145558.771048934,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 6495743.60550275,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 4145558.771048934,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 4145558.771048934,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 6495743.60550275,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 32.769722073461935,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 18.53850009951652,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": null,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 13570397.26966245,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 264960511.87551183,
      "historical_peak_year": 2010,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 50,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": null,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 11.8773,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 14.8707,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 51.7241,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 3.8386994059423705,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": 3.50531597040302,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 33.489647156165,
      "peer_top_exporter": "CAN",
      "supplier_count_latest": 11,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 2476.52,
      "distance_km": 2952.194580078125,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.03786010987878788,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.03786010987878788,
      "volatility_cv": 0.7844485232222072,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 86.94750978472331,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['unrecovered_drawdown','limited_history']",
      "signal_flag": "Declining",
      "confidence_label": "Low",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": 260400,
      "corridor_rank": 72,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "MYS",
      "latest_data_year": 2018,
      "lane_data_years": 1,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 423548.1840573972,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 423548.1840573972,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 423548.1840573972,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 423548.1840573972,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 423548.1840573972,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": null,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": null,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": null,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 423548.1840573972,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 12204072.897408042,
      "historical_peak_year": 2018,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": null,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": null,
      "trend_label": "Insufficient history",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 50892.8001,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 2412.4477,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 48.2759,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 91.67472160822574,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": 91.67472160822574,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 88.35670063349866,
      "peer_top_exporter": "AUS",
      "supplier_count_latest": 8,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 7853.84,
      "distance_km": 11084.6552734375,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.1339099772020202,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "volatility_cv": 0,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 0,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier','long_distance_without_fta','limited_history']",
      "signal_flag": "Declining",
      "confidence_label": "Low",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    }
  ],
  "prices": [],
  "priceSummary": {
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "hs_code": 260400,
    "num_markets": 16,
    "highest_price_importer_iso3": "CHL",
    "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 224000,
    "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "ZAF",
    "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 102.3391812865497,
    "median_price_across_markets": 10250,
    "price_spread_pct": 2184.367422621595,
    "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 147.28548,
    "total_trade_value_usd": 5754010
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "export_value_usd": 141341499.5029062,
      "active_destinations": 8,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 60.06688251858142
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "export_value_usd": 52892026.42457035,
      "active_destinations": 6,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -62.57855858994703
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "export_value_usd": 17161819.434276856,
      "active_destinations": 7,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -67.55310659395622
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "export_value_usd": 90269001.4156437,
      "active_destinations": 5,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 425.98736259485264
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "export_value_usd": 125857452.92800143,
      "active_destinations": 8,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 39.424886676757026
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "export_value_usd": 100851997.86591132,
      "active_destinations": 6,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -19.86807652654058
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "export_value_usd": 10418100.38316455,
      "active_destinations": 8,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -89.66991174828681
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "export_value_usd": 312906.582493115,
      "active_destinations": 8,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -96.9965101987425
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "export_value_usd": 710137.7703715136,
      "active_destinations": 5,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 126.94881159527509
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "export_value_usd": 137167.85644360702,
      "active_destinations": 5,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -80.68433166541097
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "export_value_usd": 2415635.81523216,
      "active_destinations": 5,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 1661.0800940271936
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "export_value_usd": 265198.1894207996,
      "active_destinations": 8,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -89.0215988789141
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "export_value_usd": 235382.9006412349,
      "active_destinations": 3,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -11.242644169133333
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "export_value_usd": 99863.78444961748,
      "active_destinations": 4,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -57.57390015265913
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "export_value_usd": 53877.60736497438,
      "active_destinations": 3,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -46.048902851106845
    }
  ],
  "economy": {
    "year": 2024,
    "country_iso3": "ESP",
    "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
    "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
    "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
    "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
    "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
    "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
    "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
    "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
    "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
    "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
    "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
    "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
    "population": 48848840,
    "labor_force": 22392.15,
    "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
    "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
    "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
    "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
    "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
    "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
    "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
    "num_active_partners": 270,
    "num_fta_partners": 108,
    "num_wto_partners": 169,
    "num_eu_partners": 28,
    "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
    "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
    "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
    "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
    "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
    "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
    "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
    "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
    "num_border_partners": 75,
    "num_colonial_partners": 605,
    "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
    "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
    "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
    "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
    "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
  }
}