{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/160415",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/160415",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/160415",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "160415",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 146,
    "current_lane_count": 72,
    "active_market_count": 72,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 10586768.210842961,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 10371063.166928241,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 13200246.8913119,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 13446734.07548148,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 12459848.22652926,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -9.716919769656151,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -4.56089013524672,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -1.9356129872267758,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 9559929.074058395,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 25562204.459016178,
    "historical_peak_year": 2022,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 65.51724137931035,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": -7.781306782429375,
    "trend_label": "Declining",
    "top_market_iso3": "ITA",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 4873628.979384152,
    "top_market_share_pct": 46.035096663329085,
    "destination_hhi": 2971.170818532829,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 25.93689688565132,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": 4.949370814032408,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 0.7580149954031659,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 65.26848987451004,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 34.93150684931507,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 100,
    "confidence_label": "High",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 160415,
      "hs_description": "Fish preparations: mackerel, prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces (but not minced)",
      "hs_chapter": 16,
      "hs_heading": 1604,
      "substitution_elasticity": -13.017689,
      "price_range_label": "Medium price range",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Fish preparations: mackerel, prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces (but not minced)",
    "hs_chapter": 16,
    "hs_heading": 1604,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 160415,
        "corridor_rank": 28,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "ITA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 4873628.979384152,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 5907463.02296463,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 5811058.173810246,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 6128771.910949227,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 6723619.7335429,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -10.520620032979034,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -7.620840351902269,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -3.9907124939696503,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 8833828.020751836,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 42233310.01944237,
        "historical_peak_year": 2006,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -6.5299075390093835,
        "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -5.0276,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 3.693,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 58.6207,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 11.539775066506856,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -1.2702973424752866,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 37.66539030976017,
        "peer_top_exporter": "PRT",
        "supplier_count_latest": 27,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 2256.14,
        "distance_km": 1366.760498046875,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 0.33415041898016823,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 44.8299313962718,
        "attention_level": "Stable",
        "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
        "risk_driver_labels": "[]",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 160415,
        "corridor_rank": 73,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "USA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 527801.4400301211,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 184058.2075649996,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 881809.8289168732,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 896522.643170784,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 499685.6207402841,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -25.694128736209443,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 9.635834668411093,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 22.666047461953998,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 1286474.4886043428,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 45902034.630440995,
        "historical_peak_year": 2021,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -48.360176198163444,
        "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 18.0652,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 8.4222,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 1.1498432352279593,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -1.8738146080610967,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 30.792003170590643,
        "peer_top_exporter": "THA",
        "supplier_count_latest": 41,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1510.53,
        "distance_km": 5770.26416015625,
        "has_reported_fta": 0,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
        "volatility_cv": 1.8892973998001141,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 80.81082863397167,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','unrecovered_drawdown']",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 160415,
      "num_markets": 118,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "BOL",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 84555.55555555556,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "NIC",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 31.914893617021278,
      "median_price_across_markets": 7533.453887884267,
      "price_spread_pct": 1121.9772752292852,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 28.274817934782604,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 64799935
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 10576733.663099814,
        "active_destinations": 58,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 33.96438144692498
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 8495723.272468278,
        "active_destinations": 63,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -19.675359680198625
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 11960726.392512273,
        "active_destinations": 63,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 40.785263466300506
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 11153964.824693402,
        "active_destinations": 66,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -6.745088394664095
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 12609855.206986398,
        "active_destinations": 64,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 13.052671450692102
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 11305460.40609173,
        "active_destinations": 68,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -10.34424883936794
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 11116342.909596067,
        "active_destinations": 78,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -1.6727978313360856
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 10283465.155215323,
        "active_destinations": 78,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -7.4923719172226235
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 11561953.79751267,
        "active_destinations": 74,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 12.432469240671786
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 13097589.619469393,
        "active_destinations": 78,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 13.281802097212033
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 13539906.19541656,
        "active_destinations": 75,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 3.3770837902087694
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 14093023.50805514,
        "active_destinations": 70,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 4.085089694534343
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 14736474.615925038,
        "active_destinations": 75,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 4.565742102836357
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 14493202.891082428,
        "active_destinations": 73,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -1.6508135845442786
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 10371063.166928243,
        "active_destinations": 72,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -28.441882412965537
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "160415",
    "hs_description": "Fish preparations: mackerel, prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces (but not minced)",
    "hs_chapter": 16,
    "hs_heading": 1604
  },
  "destinations": [
    {
      "hs_code": 160415,
      "corridor_rank": 28,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 30,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 4873628.979384152,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 5907463.02296463,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 5811058.173810246,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 6128771.910949227,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 6723619.7335429,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -10.520620032979034,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -7.620840351902269,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -3.9907124939696503,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 8833828.020751836,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 42233310.01944237,
      "historical_peak_year": 2006,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -6.5299075390093835,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": -5.0276,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 3.693,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 58.6207,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 11.539775066506856,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": -1.2702973424752866,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 37.66539030976017,
      "peer_top_exporter": "PRT",
      "supplier_count_latest": 27,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 2256.14,
      "distance_km": 1366.760498046875,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "volatility_cv": 0.33415041898016823,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 44.8299313962718,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": "[]",
      "signal_flag": "Growing",
      "confidence_label": "High",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    },
    {
      "hs_code": 160415,
      "corridor_rank": 73,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "USA",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 30,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 527801.4400301211,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 184058.2075649996,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 881809.8289168732,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 896522.643170784,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 499685.6207402841,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -25.694128736209443,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 9.635834668411093,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 22.666047461953998,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 1286474.4886043428,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 45902034.630440995,
      "historical_peak_year": 2021,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.62068965517241,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": -48.360176198163444,
      "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 18.0652,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 8.4222,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 1.1498432352279593,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": -1.8738146080610967,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 30.792003170590643,
      "peer_top_exporter": "THA",
      "supplier_count_latest": 41,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 1510.53,
      "distance_km": 5770.26416015625,
      "has_reported_fta": 0,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
      "volatility_cv": 1.8892973998001141,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 80.81082863397167,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','unrecovered_drawdown']",
      "signal_flag": "Growing",
      "confidence_label": "High",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
    }
  ],
  "prices": [],
  "priceSummary": {
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "hs_code": 160415,
    "num_markets": 118,
    "highest_price_importer_iso3": "BOL",
    "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 84555.55555555556,
    "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "NIC",
    "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 31.914893617021278,
    "median_price_across_markets": 7533.453887884267,
    "price_spread_pct": 1121.9772752292852,
    "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 28.274817934782604,
    "total_trade_value_usd": 64799935
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "export_value_usd": 10576733.663099814,
      "active_destinations": 58,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 33.96438144692498
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "export_value_usd": 8495723.272468278,
      "active_destinations": 63,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -19.675359680198625
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "export_value_usd": 11960726.392512273,
      "active_destinations": 63,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 40.785263466300506
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "export_value_usd": 11153964.824693402,
      "active_destinations": 66,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -6.745088394664095
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "export_value_usd": 12609855.206986398,
      "active_destinations": 64,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 13.052671450692102
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "export_value_usd": 11305460.40609173,
      "active_destinations": 68,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -10.34424883936794
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "export_value_usd": 11116342.909596067,
      "active_destinations": 78,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -1.6727978313360856
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "export_value_usd": 10283465.155215323,
      "active_destinations": 78,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -7.4923719172226235
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "export_value_usd": 11561953.79751267,
      "active_destinations": 74,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 12.432469240671786
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "export_value_usd": 13097589.619469393,
      "active_destinations": 78,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 13.281802097212033
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "export_value_usd": 13539906.19541656,
      "active_destinations": 75,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 3.3770837902087694
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "export_value_usd": 14093023.50805514,
      "active_destinations": 70,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 4.085089694534343
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "export_value_usd": 14736474.615925038,
      "active_destinations": 75,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 4.565742102836357
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "export_value_usd": 14493202.891082428,
      "active_destinations": 73,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -1.6508135845442786
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "export_value_usd": 10371063.166928243,
      "active_destinations": 72,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -28.441882412965537
    }
  ],
  "economy": {
    "year": 2024,
    "country_iso3": "ESP",
    "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
    "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
    "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
    "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
    "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
    "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
    "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
    "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
    "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
    "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
    "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
    "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
    "population": 48848840,
    "labor_force": 22392.15,
    "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
    "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
    "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
    "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
    "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
    "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
    "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
    "num_active_partners": 270,
    "num_fta_partners": 108,
    "num_wto_partners": 169,
    "num_eu_partners": 28,
    "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
    "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
    "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
    "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
    "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
    "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
    "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
    "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
    "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
    "num_border_partners": 75,
    "num_colonial_partners": 605,
    "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
    "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
    "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
    "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
    "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
  }
}