{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/160414",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/160414",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/160414",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "160414",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 172,
    "current_lane_count": 120,
    "active_market_count": 120,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 855299331.368397,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 853915870.2995915,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 809599629.9985477,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 760303030.4024705,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 669403389.4786733,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 10.30513170996825,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 6.550653255144989,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 3.863247276685833,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 442400021.83121586,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 1064689088.976909,
    "historical_peak_year": 2024,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 68.96551724137932,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": 6.441884433282418,
    "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
    "top_market_iso3": "ITA",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 380430492.3913987,
    "top_market_share_pct": 44.47922247089173,
    "destination_hhi": 2528.340714926148,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 36.04808874948618,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": -0.16556821042951175,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 0.604210685749275,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 42.08767700660989,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 18.023255813953487,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 100,
    "confidence_label": "High",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 160414,
      "hs_description": "Fish preparations: tunas, skipjack and Atlantic bonito (sarda spp.), prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces (but not minced)",
      "hs_chapter": 16,
      "hs_heading": 1604,
      "substitution_elasticity": -14.68274,
      "price_range_label": "Medium price range",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Fish preparations: tunas, skipjack and Atlantic bonito (sarda spp.), prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces (but not minced)",
    "hs_chapter": 16,
    "hs_heading": 1604,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 160414,
        "corridor_rank": 2,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "ITA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 380430492.3913987,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 182144462.59113762,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 335108680.7733817,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 298336063.90560037,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 255549234.19140023,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 16.273362302545237,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 12.755228870893154,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 5.629397544827919,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 380430492.3913987,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 836433725.2487004,
        "historical_peak_year": 2024,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 65.51724137931035,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 10.643964757717319,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 1.1353,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 7.66,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 72.4138,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 45.48244300865363,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 2.969248716890867,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 45.48244300865364,
        "peer_top_exporter": "ESP",
        "supplier_count_latest": 48,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 2380.43,
        "distance_km": 1366.760498046875,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 0.4401381255007676,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 29.722724565451724,
        "attention_level": "Stable",
        "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
        "risk_driver_labels": "[]",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 160414,
        "corridor_rank": 7,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "FRA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 167769774.18899858,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 92338720.35478655,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 157474182.5279317,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 161590514.29042897,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 136887828.5098404,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.518092130521654,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 2.740984967937732,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 2.5187148945622573,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 179821576.57624513,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 557866941.5391521,
        "historical_peak_year": 2020,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 75.86206896551724,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -0.0006227640406031298,
        "trend_label": "Stable",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 1.3499,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 3.6518,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 58.6207,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 30.073438968461296,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -0.2716729795519335,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 30.073438968461296,
        "peer_top_exporter": "ESP",
        "supplier_count_latest": 56,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1587.23,
        "distance_km": 1054.6563720703125,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 0.5594305338455349,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 42.71836423320346,
        "attention_level": "Stable",
        "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
        "risk_driver_labels": "[]",
        "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 160414,
        "corridor_rank": 21,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "PRT",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 99004982.03942898,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 47976326.444560364,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 99016036.34014727,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 89455197.57597983,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 78260763.56339414,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 12.56962363092029,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 7.15678373676254,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 2.1374411869419463,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 112473822.8493074,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 171566112.45618233,
        "historical_peak_year": 2023,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 68.96551724137932,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 10.432182443978345,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 1.1155,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 12.8849,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 68.9655,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 57.706606871281,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -8.58179749441436,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 57.70660687128098,
        "peer_top_exporter": "ESP",
        "supplier_count_latest": 31,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 3860.92,
        "distance_km": 500.9222717285156,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 0.6559285989640804,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 32.21473530983705,
        "attention_level": "High attention",
        "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier']",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 160414,
        "corridor_rank": 81,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "NLD",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 29,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 23274670.537587047,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 12175928.601165518,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 36581382.33025825,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 43067968.990426265,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 34941860.53238564,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -28.06554422297889,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -6.293748737535864,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 15.045839590478138,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 62527728.970930316,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 292413180.208836,
        "historical_peak_year": 2020,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 60.714285714285715,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -43.111383813457024,
        "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 0.8253,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 11.4883,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 62.069,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 7.959514862142917,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -3.622045967504987,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 37.45591192568098,
        "peer_top_exporter": "ECU",
        "supplier_count_latest": 55,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1960.01,
        "distance_km": 1481.3658447265625,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 1.5028342937168582,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 64.58298976303936,
        "attention_level": "High attention",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','unrecovered_drawdown']",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 160414,
        "corridor_rank": 85,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "GBR",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 22362645.2036857,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 21108692.71232744,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 22652239.863449056,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 23634133.9498013,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 26222749.3774335,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -3.707409935618766,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -6.207561832119691,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -2.3104775138393263,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 43165649.67737978,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 519848014.99700195,
        "historical_peak_year": 2013,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -1.3969324217794399,
        "trend_label": "Declining",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 18.6054,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 4.2854,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 4.301766008246596,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -0.18316593251464486,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 28.27176776232575,
        "peer_top_exporter": "ECU",
        "supplier_count_latest": 50,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1460.56,
        "distance_km": 1263.3787841796875,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 0.423500163758921,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 66.8080403174686,
        "attention_level": "Stable",
        "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
        "risk_driver_labels": "[]",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 160414,
      "num_markets": 155,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "MDV",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 130555.55555555556,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 387.0967741935484,
      "median_price_across_markets": 6672.0142799013,
      "price_spread_pct": 1950.9619332422592,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 932.5067128874388,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 3678010274
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 421018024.111924,
        "active_destinations": 108,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 3.5406895204100763
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 593010389.2875319,
        "active_destinations": 112,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 40.85154442933901
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 565130912.6671197,
        "active_destinations": 120,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -4.701347079923458
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 589724596.7686253,
        "active_destinations": 114,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 4.351856100993716
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 584515616.3365264,
        "active_destinations": 123,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -0.8832903461448423
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 484821634.6078307,
        "active_destinations": 120,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -17.055828611309217
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 493411771.1939387,
        "active_destinations": 129,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 1.7718137914898286
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 603090231.8945311,
        "active_destinations": 127,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 22.22858616347899
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 689418321.8923781,
        "active_destinations": 120,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 14.314290869321205
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 621776783.185704,
        "active_destinations": 124,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -9.81139267099915
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 736466061.0208845,
        "active_destinations": 127,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 18.445410143422265
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 636250200.9958243,
        "active_destinations": 125,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -13.607668476418533
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 722207826.4040145,
        "active_destinations": 126,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 13.510035088971902
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 852675193.2920374,
        "active_destinations": 126,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 18.06507242349343
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 853915870.2995917,
        "active_destinations": 120,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 0.14550405797127097
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "160414",
    "hs_description": "Fish preparations: tunas, skipjack and Atlantic bonito (sarda spp.), prepared or preserved, whole or in pieces (but not minced)",
    "hs_chapter": 16,
    "hs_heading": 1604
  },
  "destinations": [
    {
      "hs_code": 160414,
      "corridor_rank": 2,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "latest_data_year": 2024,
      "lane_data_years": 30,
      "exports_latest_observed_usd": 380430492.3913987,
      "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 182144462.59113762,
      "exports_avg_3y_usd": 335108680.7733817,
      "exports_avg_5y_usd": 298336063.90560037,
      "exports_avg_10y_usd": 255549234.19140023,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 16.273362302545237,
      "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 12.755228870893154,
      "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 5.629397544827919,
      "exports_historical_peak_usd": 380430492.3913987,
      "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 836433725.2487004,
      "historical_peak_year": 2024,
      "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 65.51724137931035,
      "trend_acceleration_pct": 10.643964757717319,
      "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
      "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 1.1353,
      "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 7.66,
      "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 72.4138,
      "market_share_latest_pct": 45.48244300865363,
      "market_share_change_1y_pp": 2.969248716890867,
      "peer_best_share_pct": 45.48244300865364,
      "peer_top_exporter": "ESP",
      "supplier_count_latest": 48,
      "buyer_market_hhi": 2380.43,
      "distance_km": 1366.760498046875,
      "has_reported_fta": 1,
      "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
      "volatility_cv": 0.4401381255007676,
      "max_drawdown_pct": 29.722724565451724,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": "[]",
      "signal_flag": "Growing",
      "confidence_label": "High",
      "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
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