{
  "template": "T3",
  "templateName": "Product Exporter Position Profile",
  "source": "api",
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com"
  },
  "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/090412",
  "links": {
    "product": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/product/090412",
    "exporter": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/exporter/esp/090412",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology"
  },
  "methodology": {
    "summary": "Reported exporter totals are combined with destination, price, history, and country-context observations. Growth, concentration, weighted share, volatility, drawdown, and price-position values are calculated indicators rather than additional reported trade.",
    "reportedValues": "Merchandise trade observations for an exporter, HS6 product, destination market, and available year.",
    "destinations": "Destination rows are ranked by latest observed exporter-lane value.",
    "prices": "Unit values are reported trade value divided by reported quantity where quantity is positive.",
    "missingData": "Missing values are shown as Not reported and are not imputed."
  },
  "exporter": {
    "hs_code": "090412",
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "first_data_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "observed_lane_count": 159,
    "current_lane_count": 105,
    "active_market_count": 105,
    "exports_latest_observed_lanes_usd": 14410926.66546113,
    "exports_current_2024_usd": 14280401.878593048,
    "exports_avg_3y_usd": 13097879.252869854,
    "exports_avg_5y_usd": 12810822.988771573,
    "exports_avg_10y_usd": 13629088.58163414,
    "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.53806025424117,
    "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 5.070694692069799,
    "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 0.7546688433634152,
    "exports_all_year_lane_avg_usd": 7806932.731668849,
    "exports_historical_lane_peak_usd": 29926440.498067595,
    "historical_peak_year": 2016,
    "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 75.86206896551724,
    "trend_acceleration_pct": 1.7833914108777549,
    "trend_label": "Stable",
    "top_market_iso3": "FRA",
    "top_market_exports_usd": 3094835.1286079567,
    "top_market_share_pct": 21.475615000008233,
    "destination_hhi": 864.1281766088832,
    "weighted_share_latest_pct": 15.132586654635693,
    "weighted_share_change_1y_pp": 0.24417858074377494,
    "weighted_volatility_cv": 1.063399432334265,
    "weighted_max_drawdown_pct": 79.57507908328049,
    "limited_history_lane_share_pct": 22.0125786163522,
    "data_freshness_years": 0,
    "coverage_score": 100,
    "confidence_label": "High",
    "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:28:41",
    "source": "api",
    "product": {
      "hs_code": 90412,
      "hs_description": "Spices: pepper (of the genus piper), crushed or ground",
      "hs_chapter": 9,
      "hs_heading": 904,
      "substitution_elasticity": -6.5055566,
      "price_range_label": "Low price range",
      "trade_type_label": "One-way trade"
    },
    "hs_description": "Spices: pepper (of the genus piper), crushed or ground",
    "hs_chapter": 9,
    "hs_heading": 904,
    "destinations": [
      {
        "hs_code": 90412,
        "corridor_rank": 25,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "FRA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 3094835.1286079567,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 825727.0856150009,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 2594729.984212607,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 2134266.5714903744,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 1780568.4344287787,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 20.66753107527568,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 22.93044534633144,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 6.958830915035752,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 3094835.1286079567,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 23310408.93632122,
        "historical_peak_year": 2024,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 68.96551724137932,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 13.708700160239928,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 28.8359,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 7.7401,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 13.276623061664633,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.23520497346982694,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 27.78255522524512,
        "peer_top_exporter": "DEU",
        "supplier_count_latest": 75,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1616,
        "distance_km": 1054.6563720703125,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 1.0141256641685803,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 64.91843929203316,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility']",
        "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 90412,
        "corridor_rank": 37,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "USA",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 29,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 1681638.7768054244,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 409022.72016137565,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 1469977.7621954011,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 1335958.5931307666,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 936094.990062882,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 14.547145371183067,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 28.95320867993845,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 13.64681470471747,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 1681638.7768054244,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 161820108.5725638,
        "historical_peak_year": 2024,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 57.142857142857146,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 0.9003306664655977,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 40.3463,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 18.0333,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 1.0392026007394128,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -0.02786628371324462,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 66.61339924053723,
        "peer_top_exporter": "VNM",
        "supplier_count_latest": 72,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 4817.7,
        "distance_km": 5770.26416015625,
        "has_reported_fta": 0,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.04674475463696969,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
        "volatility_cv": 1.2111739730882125,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 94.86036857290583,
        "attention_level": "High attention",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility','concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier']",
        "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 90412,
        "corridor_rank": 50,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "GBR",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 878315.0245643434,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 620190.6233252884,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 721336.2220353438,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 955815.5097763578,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 1082406.8438324344,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -10.509205562752166,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -7.318758101620093,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 2.9703515251517487,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 1390002.3539798649,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 42174414.59523601,
        "historical_peak_year": 2017,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 55.172413793103445,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -13.479557087903915,
        "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 20.532,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 14.9218,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 2.082577868581861,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 0.6572183937380165,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 55.339148456283226,
        "peer_top_exporter": "VNM",
        "supplier_count_latest": 63,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 3319.88,
        "distance_km": 1263.3787841796875,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 0.6591838905697899,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 64.11975300199107,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier']",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 90412,
        "corridor_rank": 64,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "NLD",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 26,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 543966.0296557334,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 625701.2160940461,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 458824.0366912882,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 532237.701332431,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 807450.4965779181,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 5.869014776210357,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": -11.721297935511753,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -7.478066071049893,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 1632142.8048130714,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 22264199.15213479,
        "historical_peak_year": 2012,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 44,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 13.347080847260251,
        "trend_label": "Growing",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 41.6955,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 12.9234,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 58.6207,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 2.44323196149445,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -1.1285317540237148,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 56.98987650748381,
        "peer_top_exporter": "VNM",
        "supplier_count_latest": 70,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 3458.45,
        "distance_km": 1481.3658447265625,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 0.8164324301547596,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 99.8319441855246,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['unrecovered_drawdown','concentrated_buyer_market','dominant_supplier']",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 90412,
        "corridor_rank": 65,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "POL",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 25,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 528177.9021486599,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 102756.15405046659,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 347389.904473274,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 266307.93099607027,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 197286.50849745102,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 35.65629360770088,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 64.87675716186767,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": 4.881245930947098,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 528177.9021486599,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 12727809.452231005,
        "historical_peak_year": 2024,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 58.333333333333336,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": 30.775047676753783,
        "trend_label": "Rapid growth",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 35.2399,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 22.2104,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 4.14979422917176,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": 2.666046510846823,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 23.609975755978695,
        "peer_top_exporter": "VNM",
        "supplier_count_latest": 38,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1657.94,
        "distance_km": 2293.0048828125,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0.08183472355387879,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.04607734616949498,
        "volatility_cv": 1.3430244367131492,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 86.7815298788922,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['high_volatility']",
        "signal_flag": "Accelerating",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      },
      {
        "hs_code": 90412,
        "corridor_rank": 98,
        "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
        "importer_iso3": "DEU",
        "latest_data_year": 2024,
        "lane_data_years": 30,
        "exports_latest_observed_usd": 186648.3440393639,
        "exports_all_year_avg_usd": 190557.91834417902,
        "exports_avg_3y_usd": 252855.87368273336,
        "exports_avg_5y_usd": 258326.17785842234,
        "exports_avg_10y_usd": 256951.18830962418,
        "exports_cagr_3y_pct": -15.722315933315,
        "exports_cagr_5y_pct": 2.1010009539155217,
        "exports_cagr_10y_pct": -9.010735482309084,
        "exports_historical_peak_usd": 625808.4193560412,
        "buyer_imports_latest_observed_usd": 27714186.564170618,
        "historical_peak_year": 2012,
        "positive_growth_year_share_pct": 51.724137931034484,
        "trend_acceleration_pct": -6.711580451005917,
        "trend_label": "Rapid decline",
        "buyer_yoy_latest_pct": 14.7888,
        "buyer_yoy_all_avg_pct": 17.6183,
        "buyer_trend_consistency_pct": 65.5172,
        "market_share_latest_pct": 0.6734758157422022,
        "market_share_change_1y_pp": -0.26450724035653084,
        "peer_best_share_pct": 31.31000410745713,
        "peer_top_exporter": "VNM",
        "supplier_count_latest": 87,
        "buyer_market_hhi": 1733.34,
        "distance_km": 1479.33154296875,
        "has_reported_fta": 1,
        "applied_tariff_pct": 0,
        "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
        "volatility_cv": 0.9174619868965207,
        "max_drawdown_pct": 93.45026896451543,
        "attention_level": "Watch",
        "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
        "risk_driver_labels": "['unrecovered_drawdown']",
        "signal_flag": "Growing",
        "confidence_label": "High",
        "refreshed_at": "2026-07-20 09:30:25"
      }
    ],
    "priceSummary": {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": 90412,
      "num_markets": 139,
      "highest_price_importer_iso3": "MDV",
      "highest_price_usd_per_ton": 309500,
      "lowest_price_importer_iso3": "LBR",
      "lowest_price_usd_per_ton": 393.51851851851853,
      "median_price_across_markets": 7114.508393285372,
      "price_spread_pct": 4344.734230311882,
      "avg_quantity_metric_tons": 28.179813592233003,
      "total_trade_value_usd": 67433337
    },
    "history": [
      {
        "year": 2010,
        "export_value_usd": 2586612.250340874,
        "active_destinations": 80,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 2.85637924805447
      },
      {
        "year": 2011,
        "export_value_usd": 5680393.44918716,
        "active_destinations": 76,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 119.60745946511989
      },
      {
        "year": 2012,
        "export_value_usd": 9789148.475618877,
        "active_destinations": 86,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 72.33222598374172
      },
      {
        "year": 2013,
        "export_value_usd": 11745891.122393684,
        "active_destinations": 85,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 19.988895373773573
      },
      {
        "year": 2014,
        "export_value_usd": 13246118.324274724,
        "active_destinations": 83,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 12.772357467377155
      },
      {
        "year": 2015,
        "export_value_usd": 14001757.665147565,
        "active_destinations": 100,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 5.704609625055687
      },
      {
        "year": 2016,
        "export_value_usd": 18085503.647419795,
        "active_destinations": 108,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 29.16595244636518
      },
      {
        "year": 2017,
        "export_value_usd": 15412869.94081992,
        "active_destinations": 108,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -14.777767645863557
      },
      {
        "year": 2018,
        "export_value_usd": 13585162.153146232,
        "active_destinations": 106,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -11.858322263740966
      },
      {
        "year": 2019,
        "export_value_usd": 11151477.465950022,
        "active_destinations": 113,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -17.914285157299982
      },
      {
        "year": 2020,
        "export_value_usd": 11514465.402322456,
        "active_destinations": 106,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 3.2550658644182704
      },
      {
        "year": 2021,
        "export_value_usd": 13246011.782925844,
        "active_destinations": 106,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 15.038009322205587
      },
      {
        "year": 2022,
        "export_value_usd": 13431085.681227818,
        "active_destinations": 109,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 1.3972046932687683
      },
      {
        "year": 2023,
        "export_value_usd": 11582150.198788699,
        "active_destinations": 106,
        "yoy_growth_pct": -13.766091039262113
      },
      {
        "year": 2024,
        "export_value_usd": 14280401.878593046,
        "active_destinations": 105,
        "yoy_growth_pct": 23.296638650796808
      }
    ],
    "economy": {
      "year": 2024,
      "country_iso3": "ESP",
      "exports_usd": 389951601153.8226,
      "imports_usd": 440055603176.9493,
      "trade_balance_usd": -50104002023.12671,
      "yoy_exports_growth_pct": -3.8987656816749983,
      "yoy_imports_growth_pct": -1.8348334157975543,
      "exports_cagr_3y_pct": 1.5602192255318448,
      "imports_cagr_3y_pct": 2.9666580306946244,
      "export_partner_hhi": 604.5825828475407,
      "export_product_hhi": 52.5584557740159,
      "momentum_score": -2.2610702095129454,
      "risk_score": 3.285705193107783,
      "gdp_million_usd": 1725671.6527421873,
      "gdp_per_capita_usd": 35326.76830692781,
      "population": 48848840,
      "labor_force": 22392.15,
      "investment_rate_pct": 24.25,
      "savings_rate_pct": 21.99,
      "secondary_education_pct": 88.05,
      "tertiary_education_pct": 30.02,
      "total_factor_productivity": 1788.25,
      "trade_openness_pct": 51.047299403937664,
      "exports_gdp_pct": 23.9828956101581,
      "num_active_partners": 270,
      "num_fta_partners": 108,
      "num_wto_partners": 169,
      "num_eu_partners": 28,
      "num_shared_border_partners": 5,
      "num_shared_language_partners": 24,
      "avg_partner_distance_km": 6746.572016460906,
      "avg_partner_gdp_million_usd": 533678518.3258193,
      "avg_partner_gdp_per_capita_usd": 15.774186170212769,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
      "avg_buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
      "pct_partners_with_fta": 40,
      "pct_partners_shared_language": 8.88888888888889,
      "pct_partners_shared_border": 1.8518518518518516,
      "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0.12805616369601883,
      "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0.13052375531925525,
      "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.02478492349129115,
      "tariff_advantage_pp": 0.1057388318279641,
      "avg_distance_all_partners_km": 6704.091347253092,
      "num_border_partners": 75,
      "num_colonial_partners": 605,
      "avg_substitution_elasticity": -10.891699057348575,
      "pct_products_high_elasticity": 75.94907407407408,
      "pct_products_low_elasticity": 2.662037037037037,
      "real_market_potential": 214756.4728280517,
      "foreign_market_potential": 15747.12902462019
    },
    "countryMap": {}
  },
  "product": {
    "hs_code": "090412",
    "hs_description": "Spices: pepper (of the genus piper), crushed or ground",
    "hs_chapter": 9,
    "hs_heading": 904
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