{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:48:04.737Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Türkiye exports to Spain: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Türkiye to Spain, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "TUR",
    "country_name": "Türkiye"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "ESP",
    "country_name": "Spain"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
    "importer_iso3": "ESP",
    "all_history_lane_count": 1538,
    "current_lane_count": 1433,
    "current_product_count": 1433,
    "first_observed_last_year": 1996,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 9184992831.878925,
    "attention_trade_usd": 2106483177.9070718,
    "critical_trade_usd": 41857988.53896047,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 5420122675.493298,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 1830725413.1951869,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 0,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 1532761424.833103,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 0,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 0,
    "critical_lane_count": 3,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 233,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 956,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 618,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 0,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 392,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 0,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 1.1864321363520756,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 25.554868652407283,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 118.58741210763664,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 6.533674121972005,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 12.278051641179875,
    "top_product_hs6": "870340",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 600117499.761457,
    "top_product_description": "Vehicles: with both spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine and electric motor for propulsion, incapable of being charged by plugging to external source of electric power",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "270750",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
    "distance_km": 2740.029052734375,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "common_spoken_language_score": 0.057349201291799545,
    "has_reported_fta": 1,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 4.158762442554142,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 5.920413126868687,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.7416302846205456,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 5.1787828422481414,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": 12.5,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 1425276.586283,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 30116,
    "buyer_population_latest": 47326.687,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": 4.219593086678142,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": 3.4705637441098336,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": 0.7239057326687615,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 24.381999999999998,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 22.082,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer macro trend resilient",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 22.93396648711548,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 0.4557215155757265,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "high_volatility",
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets"
    ],
    "attention_level": "Watch",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Volatile products account for the largest observed corridor exposure",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 1425276.586283,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 30116,
    "buyer_population_2024": 47326.687
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 370279319.94995403,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 402139918.3906895,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 8.604476870337141,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 519434075.9879793,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 29.16749922929447,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 560692923.2121484,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 7.943038227843169,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 14.832602027191477
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 830149399.406843,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 48.05776299993369,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 27.328715387963264
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 796377502.8432926,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -4.068170932567194,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 15.308905187457643
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 977937065.798736,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 22.798178289470062,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 20.372868738129224
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1214776566.809979,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 24.218276338447488,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 13.530717503958245
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1903976197.866624,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 56.73468272988615,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 33.71522022991389
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 2791240528.895933,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 46.600599945707046,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 41.84981872254623
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 3280140833.902276,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 17.515520427031262,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 39.251119385569886
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 4063580096.9361362,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 23.88431786027394,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 28.75055304663725
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 5216234360.004764,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 28.365486481679227,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 23.17425504995081
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 4838897154.684775,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -7.233900535857895,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 13.837312350605835
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 3220512304.728109,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -33.4453243832601,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -7.458035881128611
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 3723317279.7216425,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 15.612577360917212,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -10.630159377340021
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 4310134705.998322,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 15.760607603135824,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -3.7838111054689816
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 3885697352.5629425,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -9.847426644106939,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 6.458743546015944
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 4641941041.899314,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 19.462238582157344,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.6274848639003245
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 4901886506.088179,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 5.599930327475766,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 4.381644821321817
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 4856677519.511187,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -0.9222773012154017,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.7184507770015065
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 5120170943.274116,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 5.425384384785126,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 3.3225097550667604
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 6338871226.228498,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 23.80194521738135,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 8.947238301341542
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 7846731445.740113,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 23.78751935001464,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 17.341014997469095
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 7915508970.016022,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 0.8765117648221077,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 15.628474212169197
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 6716607197.364325,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -15.146237306951981,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 1.9481479260660128
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 9424501376.90242,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 40.31639933627063,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 6.297536022937389
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 9625188292.955833,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 2.1294168044291073,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 6.735804929360922
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 9622384608.455713,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -0.02912861977123482,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 12.731232121479641
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 9520520981.796926,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -1.0586110491704326,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 0.33846298536961417
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "870340",
      "hs_description": "Vehicles: with both spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine and electric motor for propulsion, incapable of being charged by plugging to external source of electric power",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 4539373601.673467,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 13.313276015110592,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0283978043614916,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "271019",
      "hs_description": "",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 8083826798.971087,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 30.714443663582617,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.1537008502810935,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "870321",
      "hs_description": "Vehicles: spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacity not exceeding 1000cc",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 2101039770.7352057,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8988614357923058,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "870421",
      "hs_description": "Vehicles: compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine (diesel or semi-diesel), for transport of goods, (of a gvw not exceeding 5 tonnes), n.e.c. in item no 8704.1",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 2280509555.5073643,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 34.62381874192526,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.5089156088406004,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "620462",
      "hs_description": "Trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts: women's or girls', of cotton (not knitted or crocheted)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1097007362.8546267,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 52.78771869240546,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7804579493864845,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "610910",
      "hs_description": "T-shirts, singlets and other vests: of cotton, knitted or crocheted",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1522830031.4626338,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 10.114085672962258,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.6154809637086401,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "840734",
      "hs_description": "Engines: reciprocating piston engines, of a kind used for the propulsion of vehicles of chapter 87, of a cylinder capacity exceeding 1000cc",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 2229396672.3699727,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.984202123477471,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "870322",
      "hs_description": "Vehicles: with only spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine, cylinder capacity over 1000 but not over 1500cc",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 3240502991.089242,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 24.25570276186021,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0708887439904298,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "870210",
      "hs_description": "Vehicles: public transport type (carries 10 or more passengers), compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine (diesel or semi-diesel)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 433513952.84755427,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 5.3401425394382525,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.2514230507330706,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "611030",
      "hs_description": "Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles: of man-made fibres, knitted or crocheted",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1092325723.0901477,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 33.67251614437462,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.000319745327489,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "TUR",
    "importer_iso3": "ESP",
    "distance_km": 2744,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 0,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 1,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 1,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": 1,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_is_eu": 1,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 1425276.586283,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 30115.705886680804,
    "importer_population": 47326.687,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": 12.5,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 3.9,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 815271.751724,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 9586.612900959013,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 4.158762442554142,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 5.920413126868687,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0.7416302846205456,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 5.1787828422481414
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/TUR-ESP/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/TUR-ESP/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/TUR-ESP/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/TUR-ESP/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/TUR-ESP/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}