{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:47:56.617Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Saudi Arabia exports to China, Macao SAR: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Saudi Arabia to China, Macao SAR, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "SAU",
    "country_name": "Saudi Arabia"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "MAC",
    "country_name": "China, Macao SAR"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
    "importer_iso3": "MAC",
    "all_history_lane_count": 12,
    "current_lane_count": 6,
    "current_product_count": 6,
    "first_observed_last_year": 2008,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 32108796.077979513,
    "attention_trade_usd": 31216011.65392689,
    "critical_trade_usd": 0,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 0,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 13359865.357216405,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 0,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 32108796.077979513,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 0,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 32108796.077979513,
    "critical_lane_count": 0,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 4,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 0,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 4,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 0,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 6,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 0,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 0.8025781268589848,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 32.27055818601398,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 4100.564705060342,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 56.423474358067885,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 91.54336510335897,
    "top_product_hs6": "271600",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 18116898.321743075,
    "top_product_description": "Electrical energy",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "271600",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
    "distance_km": 6755.10986328125,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "common_spoken_language_score": null,
    "has_reported_fta": 0,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": null,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": null,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 29905.190182,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 45422,
    "buyer_population_latest": 658.391,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": -2.10707901944438,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": -2.538342143523442,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": 0.44249516534402566,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 19.368000000000002,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 55.720000000000006,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer economy and income contracted",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 97.21950202715665,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 0,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "concentrated_product_mix",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets",
      "buyer_macro_weakness"
    ],
    "attention_level": "High attention",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Buyer-market concentration is the largest observed corridor exposure",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 29905.190182,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 45422,
    "buyer_population_2024": 658.391
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 12326572.535407508,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 15320330.728267597,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 24.287028565813063,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 17198352.998756208,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 12.258366374711894,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 16059528.048071813,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -6.621709362325301,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.218652532569527
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 15139151.553668402,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -5.731030772812251,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -0.39576629592615875
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 5800165.018838417,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -61.68764809390546,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -30.393280926316002
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 563727.2662490864,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -90.28084089990284,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -67.25748104114955
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 10802804.265597831,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 1816.3175018084978,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -10.639623437994539
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 13556298.875996562,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 25.488702217510294,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 32.708964908214
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 13681641.316367054,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 0.9246066460841362,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 189.5274329794524
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 16868707.21136493,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 23.294470460830286,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 16.015254663301114
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 23893161.073601786,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 41.64192177989954,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 20.793665047500976
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 34932144.56634093,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 46.20143587838403,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 36.67707712987527
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 36129324.10216961,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 3.427157280753468,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 28.90190792787619
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 26561100.501715403,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -26.48326210973768,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 3.5915070940566673
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 30315276.09278848,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 14.134111614955946,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -4.6152908698094075
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 25393183.338010617,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -16.23634480422479,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -11.089626000699349
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 35121816.41364124,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 38.31198690661204,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.75988275314361
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 37734404.144678876,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 7.438646396497073,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.5702033353385545
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 53264485.74265135,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 41.15629211588452,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 28.008909154398598
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 23963.307999999295,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -99.95501072118526,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -91.19647502898415
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 47997596.9512097,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 200196.2068142308,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 8.349605067299759
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 48427888.72366847,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 0.8964860738677638,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -3.123315790979664
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 67983421.15149614,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 40.38072470888074,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 1315.637576765937
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 54639807.77484807,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -19.627746221998432,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 4.415079327110294
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 27808403.868023288,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -49.10596321529499,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -16.882301590252556
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 48426095.7109808,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 74.14194622894439,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -10.691633345041451
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 44326901.89099892,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -8.46484474909336,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -6.734847382573339
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 26334136.23128074,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -40.59107425094335,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -1.7993553938454143
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "export_value_usd": 33516694.973765917,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 27.27470792815845,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -11.544010781140358
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "hs_code": "271600",
      "hs_description": "Electrical energy",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 519008764.6411277,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 7.98294855758388,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8635306056275244,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier",
        "buyer_macro_weakness"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "hs_code": "271019",
      "hs_description": "",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 232975121.35044944,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 52.85695611685044,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7111666167314763,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier",
        "buyer_macro_weakness"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "hs_code": "271121",
      "hs_description": "Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons: in gaseous state, natural gas",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 52774502.80987681,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 91.10491703270618,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8323171216900795,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier",
        "buyer_macro_weakness"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "hs_code": "271012",
      "hs_description": "",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 100254993.24668908,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 95.86595660447813,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.6774209604413527,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier",
        "buyer_macro_weakness"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "hs_code": "721420",
      "hs_description": "Iron or non-alloy steel: bars and rods, hot-rolled, hot-drawn or hot-extruded, containing indentations, ribs, grooves or other deformations produced during the rolling process or twisted after rolling",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 81479482.31660286,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 33.6135632335754,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.6692666305752507,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier",
        "buyer_macro_weakness",
        "limited_history"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "MAC",
      "hs_code": "271113",
      "hs_description": "Petroleum gases and other gaseous hydrocarbons: liquefied, butanes",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 13085778.633941486,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 95.27703861362475,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8114827426479824,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier",
        "buyer_macro_weakness"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
    "importer_iso3": "MAC",
    "distance_km": 6765,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 0,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 0,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 0,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": null,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 29905.190182,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 45421.62663523651,
    "importer_population": 658.391,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": null,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 833541.2365690001,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 23585.886297459085,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": null,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": null
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-MAC/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-MAC/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-MAC/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-MAC/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-MAC/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}