{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:47:53.995Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Saudi Arabia exports to Greece: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Saudi Arabia to Greece, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "SAU",
    "country_name": "Saudi Arabia"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "GRC",
    "country_name": "Greece"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
    "importer_iso3": "GRC",
    "all_history_lane_count": 168,
    "current_lane_count": 36,
    "current_product_count": 36,
    "first_observed_last_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 1646975019.5765173,
    "attention_trade_usd": 66776336.72850588,
    "critical_trade_usd": 10609945.519028472,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 199247140.30595884,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 1307760027.8330765,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 0,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 67978580.51550539,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 0,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 0,
    "critical_lane_count": 1,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 3,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 17,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 13,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 0,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 11,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 0,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 0.6741724770420945,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 48.80597046890967,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 6054.902485275362,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 77.01754730945325,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 90.0046821117114,
    "top_product_hs6": "270900",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 1268459764.877221,
    "top_product_description": "Oils: petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "390210",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
    "distance_km": 2634.334716796875,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "common_spoken_language_score": 0,
    "has_reported_fta": 0,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 1.9237229192939398,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 5.920413126868687,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 1.6379010069128805,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 4.282512119955807,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": 4,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 216240.589485,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 20277,
    "buyer_population_latest": 10664.568,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": 4.329374957214838,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": 4.9563802531924495,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": -0.5973960748884899,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 20.778,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 14.094,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer macro trend resilient",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 4.054483883166359,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 0.6442080415862398,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "high_volatility",
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "concentrated_product_mix",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets"
    ],
    "attention_level": "Watch",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains materially below historical peaks",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 216240.589485,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 20277,
    "buyer_population_2024": 10664.568
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 289789577.00984615,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 384412451.6175522,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 32.65226982421492,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 490515979.27140933,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 27.601480443047244,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 451611403.96653146,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -7.9313573765048435,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 15.938420577825664
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 297518557.03937626,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -34.12067223585321,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -8.186712646643246
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 944428362.2332445,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 217.435111151151,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 24.405224819828053
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1029519532.0664527,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 9.009806697460586,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 31.610305369611027
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 915814869.5393553,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -11.044439564820042,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 45.46702059750718
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1254208588.441071,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 36.950013606125886,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.917518825772076
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1649430771.0889904,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 31.511678861900005,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 17.012744921291013
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 2409362092.0780654,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 46.072338064079624,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 38.048426489375984
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 2452080946.6988196,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 1.7730358903384813,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 25.04174068669578
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1314341715.696961,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -46.398926288855634,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -7.290394455580163
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1965366450.932871,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 49.532380161173606,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -6.564089551885466
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1012289043.8605546,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -48.493623498047064,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -25.53996353620326
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1536155936.7285976,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 51.75072238954381,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 5.335720572790659
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 2350990953.310193,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 53.043769652504835,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 6.153863862758113
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 3400040124.9752116,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 44.62157415739769,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 49.75908178654282
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1524314617.9287276,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -55.167746205941,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -0.2576100380987323
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1668203997.9246173,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 9.439611632893063,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -10.806597135325923
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1099202162.5340357,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -34.10864834867118,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -31.36728530858305
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 934783349.5032799,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -14.958013970033901,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -15.040466740332725
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1059103637.3362575,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 13.299369089002088,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -14.053188962824247
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1183633559.0615964,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 11.758048724914506,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 2.4974903830327744
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 982880284.7328464,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -16.960762289294195,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 1.6864810779253503
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 583750734.2988688,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -40.60815509616857,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -18.009602215998612
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 803117457.4847612,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 37.578834645813245,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -12.127307841140677
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 2075286877.1528811,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 158.40390565688315,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 28.28991144703452
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1117881343.0186665,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -46.13364757780835,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 24.18126780552763
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "export_value_usd": 1649711291.223347,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 47.57481207876282,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 27.118753860045896
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "hs_code": "270900",
      "hs_description": "Oils: petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 12705922412.189713,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 60.1890627389838,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.5954484206182183,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "hs_code": "271019",
      "hs_description": "",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 3516534808.9230022,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0384922013149431,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "hs_code": "390210",
      "hs_description": "Propylene, other olefin polymers: polypropylene in primary forms",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 86322734.97685486,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 12.78439531505479,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7727377813781653,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "hs_code": "390120",
      "hs_description": "Ethylene polymers: in primary forms, polyethylene having a specific gravity of 0.94 or more",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 176497520.08366138,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8890732435980181,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "hs_code": "740400",
      "hs_description": "Copper: waste and scrap",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 332081036.0247719,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 23.678499955491947,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.836256081260712,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "hs_code": "390110",
      "hs_description": "Ethylene polymers: in primary forms, polyethylene having a specific gravity of less than 0.94",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 236254875.46598786,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 52.04992487731489,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8832700549528458,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "hs_code": "390230",
      "hs_description": "Propylene, other olefin polymers: propylene copolymers in primary forms",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 64324084.385768116,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.5648480066610382,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "hs_code": "760200",
      "hs_description": "Aluminium: waste and scrap",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 310724601.69384354,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 4.361238061935255,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0444791079965954,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "hs_code": "290250",
      "hs_description": "Cyclic hydrocarbons: styrene",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 121365083.16635917,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 58.88884998538383,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.3813259174318922,
      "attention_level": "Critical attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GRC",
      "hs_code": "381700",
      "hs_description": "Mixed alkylbenzenes and mixed alkylnaphthalenes, other than those of heading no. 2707 or 2902",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 10932993.842522072,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.4857946183031914,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
    "importer_iso3": "GRC",
    "distance_km": 2622,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 0,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 0,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 0,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": null,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_is_eu": 1,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 216240.589485,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 20276.544674383436,
    "importer_population": 10664.568,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": 4,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 1.5,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 833541.2365690001,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 23585.886297459085,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 1.9237229192939398,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 5.920413126868687,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 1.6379010069128805,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 4.282512119955807
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-GRC/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-GRC/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-GRC/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-GRC/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-GRC/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}