{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:48:00.630Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Saudi Arabia exports to Ghana: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Saudi Arabia to Ghana, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "SAU",
    "country_name": "Saudi Arabia"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "GHA",
    "country_name": "Ghana"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
    "importer_iso3": "GHA",
    "all_history_lane_count": 65,
    "current_lane_count": 22,
    "current_product_count": 22,
    "first_observed_last_year": 1997,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 63712405.37635947,
    "attention_trade_usd": 5781722.967381692,
    "critical_trade_usd": 0,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 12242979.416674579,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 45374844.31965095,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 0,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 9563789.022462444,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 0,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 0,
    "critical_lane_count": 0,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 2,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 14,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 9,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 0,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 16,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 0,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 1.0053055485538562,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 50.468348003715406,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 2601.5005529593086,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 43.75797430458716,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 78.37435006017193,
    "top_product_hs6": "390120",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 27879257.973421782,
    "top_product_description": "Ethylene polymers: in primary forms, polyethylene having a specific gravity of 0.94 or more",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "252310",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
    "distance_km": 5444.95751953125,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "common_spoken_language_score": 0,
    "has_reported_fta": 0,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 14.305571388686866,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 14.305571388686866,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": null,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": 13,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 77594.279055,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 2445,
    "buyer_population_latest": 31732.128,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": 3.7856910333109672,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": 1.8008640533864417,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": 1.9497152586874344,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 23.753999999999998,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 17.79,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer macro trend resilient",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 9.074720901256388,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 0,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "high_volatility",
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "concentrated_product_mix",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets"
    ],
    "attention_level": "Watch",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains materially below historical peaks",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 77594.279055,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 2445,
    "buyer_population_2024": 31732.128
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 1062309.2095793318,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 4609733.641707691,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 333.9352045656385,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 4321232.92406937,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -6.258511663841926,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 6365271.347597771,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 47.302204242290635,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 81.63044982208005
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 11411286.802310282,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 79.2741609769214,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 35.275639689577055
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 10850700.250387926,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -4.912562111828289,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 35.919999200601495
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 22484896.91322606,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 107.22069907352014,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 52.296992179836636
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 12498827.548430238,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -44.41234221946474,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 3.0809039610409705
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 7071612.084153816,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -43.42179651048982,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -13.29977570762766
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 20008799.37957854,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 182.94537570032415,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -3.814403422117929
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 15600297.405029532,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -22.03281611713509,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.668302818222017
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 24157220.251213618,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 54.85102382359286,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 50.60619736820031
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 26135544.550205376,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 8.189370624678439,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.312587517523152
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 26776867.951562595,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 2.4538360014854987,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 19.731649688975473
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 20344534.072372068,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -24.02198005691386,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -5.564866980058126
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 42704539.76158162,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 109.90669832824777,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 17.782516969805684
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 71333118.62046242,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 67.03872473210912,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 38.62571894086173
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 70454407.70444337,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -1.2318414405717348,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 51.293454758009545
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 100520163.95694125,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 42.67406005118075,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 33.022890599130015
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 88902529.98066294,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -11.55751594401978,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.615369937966565
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 72952451.34285326,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -17.941085187653215,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 1.1681730002699897
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 54470581.717777304,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -25.334131046833598,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -18.472722156574484
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 77946157.59210761,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 43.09771464524068,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -4.289365135861667
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 112061626.73136997,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 43.76799343694231,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 15.382251957325742
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 87490304.16994764,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -21.926615986330276,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 17.111435488590754
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 50496463.13707625,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -42.2833608636356,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -13.47224888557913
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 163097360.27668372,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 222.9876909080628,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 13.32611563893009
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 162713222.89774135,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -0.2355264231687748,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 22.976172972175668
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 286218837.20385927,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 75.90385839984017,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 78.29770408709109
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "export_value_usd": 66628962.179084755,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -76.72097237554344,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -25.799749371435276
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "hs_code": "390120",
      "hs_description": "Ethylene polymers: in primary forms, polyethylene having a specific gravity of 0.94 or more",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 91625144.65248007,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 51.62242759934143,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.9131092840148175,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "hs_code": "390110",
      "hs_description": "Ethylene polymers: in primary forms, polyethylene having a specific gravity of less than 0.94",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 47086952.58673994,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 60.70813493978976,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.895815396029902,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "hs_code": "390210",
      "hs_description": "Propylene, other olefin polymers: polypropylene in primary forms",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 36880536.1907102,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 45.05315742938932,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7916164434769513,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "hs_code": "252310",
      "hs_description": "Cement clinkers (whether or not coloured)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 125255281.29932736,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 89.84963282288722,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.1660676002847448,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "hs_code": "392020",
      "hs_description": "Plastics: of polymers of propylene, plates, sheets, film, foil and strip (not self-adhesive), non-cellular and not reinforced, laminated, supported or similarly combined with other materials",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 18443415.18937559,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 2.07599275257851,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "hs_code": "841199",
      "hs_description": "Turbines: parts of gas turbines (excluding turbo-jets and turbo-propellers)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 17843067.862371396,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 44.7955889440248,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.133355133442685,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "hs_code": "391990",
      "hs_description": "Plastics: plates, sheets, film, foil, tape, strip, other flat shapes thereof, self-adhesive, other than in rolls of a width not exceeding 20cm",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 22832318.859251052,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.6030241052390406,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "hs_code": "392010",
      "hs_description": "Plastics: plates, sheets, film, foil and strip, of polymers of ethylene, non-cellular and not reinforced, laminated, supported or similarly combined with other materials",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 32333992.424928002,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7008137968494624,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "hs_code": "390140",
      "hs_description": "Ethylene polymers: in primary forms, ethylene-alpha-olefin copolymers, having a specific gravity of less than 0.94",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 31609127.63072224,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.3772848713989725,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
      "importer_iso3": "GHA",
      "hs_code": "170199",
      "hs_description": "Sugars: sucrose, chemically pure, in solid form, not containing added flavouring or colouring matter",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 126975642.08869249,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 85.16501689563395,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 2.4050797463736657,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "SAU",
    "importer_iso3": "GHA",
    "distance_km": 5515,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 0,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 1,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 0,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": null,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 77594.279055,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 2445.2907493314033,
    "importer_population": 31732.128,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": 13,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 12.3,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 833541.2365690001,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 23585.886297459085,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 14.305571388686866,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 14.305571388686866,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": null,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": null
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-GHA/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-GHA/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-GHA/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-GHA/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/SAU-GHA/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}