{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:48:17.228Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Pakistan exports to Spain: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Pakistan to Spain, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "PAK",
    "country_name": "Pakistan"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "ESP",
    "country_name": "Spain"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
    "importer_iso3": "ESP",
    "all_history_lane_count": 326,
    "current_lane_count": 256,
    "current_product_count": 256,
    "first_observed_last_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 1369315036.339218,
    "attention_trade_usd": 404832432.51059914,
    "critical_trade_usd": 0,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 706055956.8358141,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 125338434.77808487,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 0,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 451826696.6894537,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 0,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 0,
    "critical_lane_count": 0,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 31,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 145,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 89,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 0,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 80,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 0,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 1.1134141901389163,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 14.220984605736204,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 479.2256172694026,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 13.918079823733246,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 30.84010725785867,
    "top_product_hs6": "620322",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 190582359.79607424,
    "top_product_description": "Ensembles: men's or boys', of cotton (not knitted or crocheted)",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "620322",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
    "distance_km": 6651.61962890625,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "common_spoken_language_score": 0.027000000700354576,
    "has_reported_fta": 0,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 1.603498178227273,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 5.920413126868687,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 1.3170510785027796,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 4.6033620483659075,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": 12.5,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 1425276.586283,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 30116,
    "buyer_population_latest": 47326.687,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": 4.219593086678142,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": 3.4705637441098336,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": 0.7239057326687615,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 24.381999999999998,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 22.082,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer macro trend resilient",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 29.564594104866803,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 0,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "high_volatility",
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets"
    ],
    "attention_level": "Watch",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Volatile products account for the largest observed corridor exposure",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 1425276.586283,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 30116,
    "buyer_population_2024": 47326.687
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 136730283.98775926,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 128481985.15200762,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -6.032532512321898,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 145007514.58473548,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 12.862137375272042,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 200488840.52824983,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 38.26100054359163,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 13.607890580591508
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 187764802.77311268,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -6.3465067290586985,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 13.481216419073982
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 200921355.90129077,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 7.006932574086289,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 11.483825748794384
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 215053697.8347247,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 7.033767948677849,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 2.3651758420831115
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 244181317.61981168,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 13.54434733201959,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.152264259008014
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 315568650.3674154,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 29.235378629069906,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 16.240084601705295
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 356869373.49428225,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 13.087714219641434,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 18.391572214832475
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 379233741.82082176,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 6.266821976780768,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 15.806120432532156
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 449740342.825309,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 18.59185858989303,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 12.535444684213637
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 497079025.49846345,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 10.525780804045425,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 11.679138025830849
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 526011456.031453,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 5.82048910713473,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 11.522563537414587
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 434351779.7362543,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -17.425414455178313,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -1.1538133288127361
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 469650120.8745134,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 8.12667123401518,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -1.8742475424049498
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 573390215.3631809,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 22.088803958039648,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 2.916503961545436
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 496361986.24069285,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -13.433823434482385,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 4.548780037004629
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 570571938.3954881,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 14.95077266428897,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 6.703497956545834
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 797512208.9516507,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 39.774173120806445,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 11.625226780761967
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 787614577.1602008,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -1.2410633568181506,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 16.637555896410937
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 841971056.3849528,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 6.901405941563188,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 13.848920737261228
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 977539646.7060544,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 16.101336179318636,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.020180723749037
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1019259473.2061158,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 4.26783984062864,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 8.97419520861311
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1030407332.5282742,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 1.0937214335710266,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 6.963907401891589
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 884627889.9292293,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -14.147748952965134,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -3.2742552433578265
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1116225856.2016146,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 26.18026956971855,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 3.0755768372245917
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1528527108.23177,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 36.93708130298721,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 14.048103615632513
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1459990783.1247897,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -4.483814826566245,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 18.176147738859562
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1462129972.9097147,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 0.14652077325765234,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.41527777544049
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "620322",
      "hs_description": "Ensembles: men's or boys', of cotton (not knitted or crocheted)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 193947516.7917046,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.4808282680163127,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "620342",
      "hs_description": "Trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts: men's or boys', of cotton (not knitted or crocheted)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 923887534.9068636,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 12.783723835513678,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8922582737632598,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "620462",
      "hs_description": "Trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts: women's or girls', of cotton (not knitted or crocheted)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1097007362.8546267,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 14.54528521188457,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8734554955776178,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "611020",
      "hs_description": "Jerseys, pullovers, cardigans, waistcoats and similar articles: of cotton, knitted or crocheted",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1007608521.5066507,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 19.848476564922517,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.2544635888505251,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "630231",
      "hs_description": "Bed linen: of cotton (not printed, knitted or crocheted)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 111419138.44090383,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7018929529091914,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "630260",
      "hs_description": "Kitchen and toilet linen: of terry towelling or similar terry fabrics, of cotton",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 153413852.67520744,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7516182471142301,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "610462",
      "hs_description": "Trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts: women's or girls', of cotton, knitted or crocheted",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 318102887.4265574,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.4469880552155077,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "610342",
      "hs_description": "Trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches and shorts: men's or boys', of cotton, knitted or crocheted",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 175515146.57301953,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 6.2574119183491606,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.1541831400400058,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "100620",
      "hs_description": "Cereals: husked (brown) rice",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 132439577.06165463,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 12.550432940428138,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.3051484258011798,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "220710",
      "hs_description": "Undenatured ethyl alcohol: of an alcoholic strength by volume of 80% vol. or higher",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 137897707.3773587,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 51.03000653093338,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0524469125925486,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "PAK",
    "importer_iso3": "ESP",
    "distance_km": 6681,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 0,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 0,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 0,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": null,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_is_eu": 1,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 1425276.586283,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 30115.705886680804,
    "importer_population": 47326.687,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": 12.5,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 3.9,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 346343.170486,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 1537.9363628504764,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 1.603498178227273,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 5.920413126868687,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 1.3170510785027796,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 4.6033620483659075
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/PAK-ESP/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/PAK-ESP/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/PAK-ESP/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/PAK-ESP/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/PAK-ESP/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}