{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:47:53.817Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Netherlands exports to South Korea: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Netherlands to South Korea, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "NLD",
    "country_name": "Netherlands"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "KOR",
    "country_name": "South Korea"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
    "importer_iso3": "KOR",
    "all_history_lane_count": 1081,
    "current_lane_count": 971,
    "current_product_count": 971,
    "first_observed_last_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 8826124334.179493,
    "attention_trade_usd": 1335070902.358663,
    "critical_trade_usd": 50064545.34906672,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 2613615076.602912,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 723008440.9688965,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 388590.8296572559,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 1257448020.2955804,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 0,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 0,
    "critical_lane_count": 3,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 152,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 594,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 545,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 1,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 524,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 0,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 1.0435546579893178,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 22.056787569654226,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 2629.0756533546682,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 49.788310207983976,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 64.27782313041314,
    "top_product_hs6": "848620",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 4394378162.843646,
    "top_product_description": "Machines and apparatus of a kind used solely or principally for the manufacture of semiconductor devices or of electronic integrated circuits",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "900290",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
    "distance_km": 8573.1826171875,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "common_spoken_language_score": 0,
    "has_reported_fta": 1,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 13.69564428626263,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 14.600262464040407,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 3.5328919460965666,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 11.06737051794384,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": 8,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 1798533.915091,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 34758,
    "buyer_population_latest": 51744.877,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": 1.3815058218118237,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": 1.3868953035443221,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": -0.00531575773807802,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 32.412,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 34.20399999999999,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer macro trend resilient",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 15.126355032055821,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 0.5672313628665973,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "high_volatility",
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "declining_buyer_demand",
      "concentrated_product_mix",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets"
    ],
    "attention_level": "Watch",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Volatile products account for the largest observed corridor exposure",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 1798533.915091,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 34758,
    "buyer_population_2024": 51744.877
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 964128975.9914216,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1103326498.1675248,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 14.437645340237326,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1095323281.092983,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -0.7253716001414001,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 806140818.638775,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -26.401562666105615,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -5.791101597475922
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 979040177.8070349,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 21.447786189540995,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -3.9054356885032337
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1141310369.4434583,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 16.574415975439805,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 1.3803566703240122
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1006518208.7069696,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -11.810298438120558,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.680461449577125
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1103524530.4133148,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 9.637810907660093,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 4.070384462413124
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1364048298.178484,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 23.608334983508918,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 6.1227906033525015
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1740376578.5353026,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 27.589072971929074,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 20.025594202040576
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 2599289121.9970975,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 49.352108851329966,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 33.052855399255265
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 2973187221.1241117,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 14.38462908811542,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 29.657458107451685
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 3564708062.1737204,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 19.895176356434252,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 26.997034366720808
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 3382301454.60635,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -5.117013914910629,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.17400463196769
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 2249479749.2534866,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -33.49262981305453,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -8.878692368958664
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 4167837171.5756207,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 85.2800485516156,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 5.348637975922643
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 4682273833.15399,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 12.343012464277493,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 11.450365953205633
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 4018717249.5135975,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -14.171674004666645,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 21.33938452645232
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 4427076701.817164,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 10.161437766068083,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 2.0317731964204055
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 4713248344.200496,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 6.464122075541812,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 0.2200245754395258
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 4459889719.437319,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -5.375456718187288,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 3.533021747410836
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 4090877365.105498,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -8.274024192203056,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -2.5983146975287363
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 6450588729.659848,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 57.68228069319055,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 11.026421757919437
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 7155425294.979667,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 10.926701342452283,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 17.067706653843917
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 4567416320.936865,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -36.168485692368,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 3.741226836909073
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 6782264528.069761,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 48.492365300270855,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 1.685366206617589
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 9582503244.533752,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 41.28766586550321,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 10.225270771852578
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 9214046195.87673,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -3.84510225829775,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 26.355241446231425
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 8933553437.373121,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -3.04418658796316,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.618327532778137
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 8924334135.411552,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -0.10319859870093762,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -2.3439960545124316
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "848620",
      "hs_description": "Machines and apparatus of a kind used solely or principally for the manufacture of semiconductor devices or of electronic integrated circuits",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 12052548728.723557,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 21.810692568456478,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.9536525174050804,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "848690",
      "hs_description": "Machines and apparatus of heading 8486: parts and accessories",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 4404681756.251241,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0143094108503679,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "900290",
      "hs_description": "Optical elements: n.e.s. in heading no. 9002 (eg prisms and mirrors), mounted, being parts or fittings for instruments or apparatus, of any material (excluding elements of glass not optically worked)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 634546996.1673874,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 2.0667735549280297,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "284420",
      "hs_description": "Uranium: enriched in U235, plutonium, their compounds, alloys dispersions (including cermets), ceramic products and mixtures containing uranium enriched in U235, plutonium or compounds of these products",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1907604098.097372,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 8.111905910891736,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8668696375509403,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "854231",
      "hs_description": "Electronic integrated circuits: processors and controllers, whether or not combined with memories, converters, logic circuits, amplifiers, clock and timing circuits, or other circuits",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 22419660173.798576,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 46.4059897027733,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.070830112188729,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "020329",
      "hs_description": "Meat: of swine, n.e.s. in item no. 0203.2, frozen",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1740915529.263175,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 32.9977811485329,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.870516992840785,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "901210",
      "hs_description": "Microscopes (excluding optical microscopes): diffraction apparatus",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 496826887.73568463,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 25.117802199189505,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.2868658216642563,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "040490",
      "hs_description": "Dairy produce: natural milk constituents (excluding whey), whether or not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter, n.e.c. in chapter 04",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 146643667.6854536,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 32.17730718657484,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8364555661174753,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "870423",
      "hs_description": "Vehicles: compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine (diesel or semi-diesel), for transport of goods, (of a g.v.w. exceeding 20 tonnes), nes in item no 8704.1",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 406802660.8971702,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 41.056114872274215,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.699110318679552,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "271012",
      "hs_description": "",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 18435085021.727493,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 64.99492513471753,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.1256160140470735,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "NLD",
    "importer_iso3": "KOR",
    "distance_km": 8578,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 0,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 0,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 1,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": 2,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 1,
    "importer_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 1798533.9150910003,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 34757.71939879189,
    "importer_population": 51744.877,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": 8,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 14.6,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 1018007.05695,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 58061.00166795897,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 13.69564428626263,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 14.600262464040407,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 3.5328919460965666,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 11.06737051794384
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/NLD-KOR/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/NLD-KOR/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/NLD-KOR/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/NLD-KOR/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/NLD-KOR/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}