{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:48:19.939Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Luxembourg exports to South Korea: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Luxembourg to South Korea, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "LUX",
    "country_name": "Luxembourg"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "KOR",
    "country_name": "South Korea"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
    "importer_iso3": "KOR",
    "all_history_lane_count": 86,
    "current_lane_count": 39,
    "current_product_count": 39,
    "first_observed_last_year": 1999,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 62548230.2702913,
    "attention_trade_usd": 16331089.310274627,
    "critical_trade_usd": 0,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 18480380.57850691,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 11138947.015376663,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 0,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 18481753.685370352,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 0,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 0,
    "critical_lane_count": 0,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 6,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 18,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 15,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 0,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 17,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 0,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 0.9519722771981047,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 25.42991542061833,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 2051.3183386998166,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 39.18119348977456,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 65.27745705384717,
    "top_product_hs6": "741011",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 24507143.126632575,
    "top_product_description": "Copper: foil, not backed, of a thickness not exceeding 0.15mm, of refined copper",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "390799",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
    "distance_km": 8733.37109375,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "common_spoken_language_score": null,
    "has_reported_fta": 1,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 8.362438637878789,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 10.623984082323231,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 3.327517558074748,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 7.296466524248483,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": 8,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 1798533.915091,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 34758,
    "buyer_population_latest": 51744.877,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": 1.3815058218118237,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": 1.3868953035443221,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": -0.00531575773807802,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 32.412,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 34.20399999999999,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer macro trend resilient",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 26.109594531616104,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 0,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "high_volatility",
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets"
    ],
    "attention_level": "Watch",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Buyer-market concentration is the largest observed corridor exposure",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 1798533.915091,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 34758,
    "buyer_population_2024": 51744.877
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 9491448.22183346,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 25391193.897864703,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 167.5165401993827,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 11890830.052596072,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -53.16947245400681,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 17752496.858114243,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 49.29569070948432,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 23.208968166841704
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 33735665.86379286,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 90.03335774918384,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.934850004949137
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 55144430.833484456,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 63.460330251458785,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 66.7617697838072
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 65061299.34096548,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 17.983445213944194,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 54.177534324392695
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 70201432.32309902,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 7.900446247154913,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 27.669031022398016
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 58740736.86902329,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -16.325443904518032,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 2.1282547847688127
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 71486991.06166352,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 21.699173132712126,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 3.189322672093975
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 40703941.206548855,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -43.06105124575982,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -16.613291819679286
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 37047446.18500718,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -8.983147364003619,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -14.242332177041861
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 33909416.691405475,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -8.470299080619592,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -22.01140426737066
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 48517685.21830141,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 43.080270769147376,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 6.02815477605565
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 50449342.77247967,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 3.981347307660954,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 10.840653843517423
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 37888714.16662548,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -24.897506915999045,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 3.767936979192954
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 48824416.71751221,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 28.862691150705565,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 0.21029264374441414
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 73543730.61342646,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 50.628999909891384,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 13.38703036336737
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 34041645.37739077,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -53.712376169320976,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -3.506018724646498
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 62757381.83988652,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 84.35472534934429,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 8.7282966712513
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 66978134.36159947,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 6.72550765817701,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -3.0690513045815493
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 70861220.98668194,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 5.79754372392427,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 27.682887643432963
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 91707979.45106499,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 29.419135281765897,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 13.478634864915096
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 80149546.80849755,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -12.603519030462307,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 6.166950144968886
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 66879163.23801716,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -16.557028827857888,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -1.9093980106828834
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 71249173.33356984,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 6.53418775590866,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -8.069934769769082
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "741011",
      "hs_description": "Copper: foil, not backed, of a thickness not exceeding 0.15mm, of refined copper",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 368090215.3900342,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.839979531913244,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "848180",
      "hs_description": "Taps, cocks, valves and similar appliances: for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats or the like, including thermostatically controlled valves",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1552928599.3484993,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 47.20692070500888,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0198591489199167,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "390799",
      "hs_description": "Polyesters: n.e.c. in heading no. 3907, saturated, in primary forms",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 295609218.1450128,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 8.90897694544153,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.9344111557158745,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "730210",
      "hs_description": "Iron or steel, railway or tramway track construction material: rails",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 15416772.437216261,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 45.04922990278413,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8954948660962543,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "847989",
      "hs_description": "Machines and mechanical appliances: n.e.s. in item no. 8479.8, having individual functions",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1103166556.8223813,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 61.44534801478254,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.8208969803361559,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "560312",
      "hs_description": "Nonwovens: whether or not impregnated, coated, covered or laminated, of man-made filaments, (weighing more than 25g/m2 but not more than 70g/m2)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 30050818.98394942,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 77.12636422953449,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8798349522680972,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "852610",
      "hs_description": "Radar apparatus",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 440198870.86437213,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 61.574441503635434,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8445924047079802,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "850790",
      "hs_description": "Electric accumulators: parts n.e.c. in heading no. 8507",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 213618104.04426593,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 10.19045878938037,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.9320424184072945,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "284190",
      "hs_description": "Salts of oxometallic or peroxometallic acids: n.e.c. in heading no. 2841",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1100269500.121213,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier",
        "limited_history"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "903149",
      "hs_description": "Optical instruments and appliances: for measuring or checking, n.e.s. in chapter 90",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 569936345.0068377,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 23.216216550942082,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.5177030871660881,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "LUX",
    "importer_iso3": "KOR",
    "distance_km": 8740,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 0,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 0,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 1,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": 2,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 1,
    "importer_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 1798533.9150910003,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 34757.71939879189,
    "importer_population": 51744.877,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": 8,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 14.6,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 86710.803337,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 135682.79427449263,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 8.362438637878789,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 10.623984082323231,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 3.327517558074748,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 7.296466524248483
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/LUX-KOR/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/LUX-KOR/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/LUX-KOR/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/LUX-KOR/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/LUX-KOR/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}