{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:48:03.640Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Kazakhstan exports to the Netherlands: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Kazakhstan to the Netherlands, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "KAZ",
    "country_name": "Kazakhstan"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "NLD",
    "country_name": "Netherlands"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
    "importer_iso3": "NLD",
    "all_history_lane_count": 270,
    "current_lane_count": 52,
    "current_product_count": 52,
    "first_observed_last_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 4762550164.118537,
    "attention_trade_usd": 230951784.21913648,
    "critical_trade_usd": 0,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 264788016.0755763,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 189731950.3818366,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 1954122.9814436384,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 61328230.283582926,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 0,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 0,
    "critical_lane_count": 0,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 10,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 34,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 17,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 1,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 22,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 0,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 0.8612915371702221,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 3.307793623344228,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 8847.559779504825,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 93.99070885803576,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 98.17979080354017,
    "top_product_hs6": "270900",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 4476354658.974558,
    "top_product_description": "Oils: petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "271019",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
    "distance_km": 5251.8076171875,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "common_spoken_language_score": 0.041999999433755875,
    "has_reported_fta": 0,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 2.3908024175287355,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 4.8834974298850575,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 2.1495134952095096,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 2.7339839346755475,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": 3.5,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 1018007.05695,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 58061,
    "buyer_population_latest": 17533.405,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": 5.515439704237579,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": 4.743525072332222,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": 0.7369568967363849,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 22.17,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 30.663999999999998,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer macro trend resilient",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 4.849330217225786,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 0,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "high_volatility",
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "declining_buyer_demand",
      "concentrated_product_mix",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets"
    ],
    "attention_level": "Watch",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Volatile products account for the largest observed corridor exposure",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 1018007.05695,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 58061,
    "buyer_population_2024": 17533.405
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 336548492.6791482,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 209557147.00157347,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -37.73344657307474,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 105390925.48604037,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -49.70778759206479,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 134606549.50205907,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 27.72119504718504,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -26.321714035950315
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 91500972.08854656,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -32.023387846260135,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -24.135067293217716
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 145061554.48642004,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 58.53553374934888,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 11.237111485614593
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 106605406.96949743,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -26.510227091577654,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -7.479561968309545
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 130128672.59045303,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 22.065734083906463,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 12.455947888910334
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 262514502.89192653,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 101.7345583153102,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 21.86163241017429
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 408418698.3293495,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 55.57947992591086,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 56.473979611109534
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 654338845.3824048,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 60.21275422966674,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 71.32072406364256
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 1119201324.7738845,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 71.04308152755436,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 62.150504671936034
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 1733555426.9179745,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 54.89218861210781,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 61.911378997737245
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 3312301702.267051,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 91.06984702276712,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 71.70214796905164
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 1459684330.5770586,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -55.93141984686958,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.257244549384813
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 2930920139.1807494,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 100.79136822836658,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 19.130258564384373
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 4325623187.112859,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 47.585842728623675,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.304891862763087
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 4584242605.039231,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 5.978778241638483,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 46.443314224680535
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 5049345908.79183,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 10.145695675908017,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 19.87916596182764
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 3929968603.2880993,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -22.168758602073414,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -3.1469134782164954
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 2140307720.8428857,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -45.53880865480331,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -22.422423481464413
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 1442268501.2167506,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -32.61396540452775,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -34.14273889955849
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 2029987137.4011514,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 40.74959937685527,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -19.764221932712157
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 2712622169.437904,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 33.6275545524235,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 8.219210902832552
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 1889487690.4945574,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -30.34460487041999,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.420656487616231
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 1206856785.7010138,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -36.1278302170294,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -15.914556948475733
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 2094112392.836106,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 73.51788693135795,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -8.264613857355851
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 1982383157.0899444,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -5.335398239768985,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 1.6126655365230835
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 3358942154.502834,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 69.43960316095605,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 40.66377315148253
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "export_value_usd": 4769313975.410138,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 41.98857128327229,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 31.568515853145996
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs_code": "270900",
      "hs_description": "Oils: petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous minerals, crude",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 49160534119.3378,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8369626719432184,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs_code": "271019",
      "hs_description": "",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 26423591951.448895,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 74.26002770833736,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.111306891648507,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs_code": "270119",
      "hs_description": "Coal: (other than anthracite and bituminous), whether or not pulverised but not agglomerated",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 413880001.7071316,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.9728849876696863,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "concentrated_buyer_market"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs_code": "720221",
      "hs_description": "Ferro-alloys: ferro-silicon, containing by weight more than 55% of silicon",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 147036189.4310164,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 37.03122749730181,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.3027701578323132,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs_code": "720241",
      "hs_description": "Ferro-alloys: ferro-chromium, containing by weight more than 4% of carbon",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 217775226.2079085,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 98.62488714535458,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.6322334277920523,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs_code": "721810",
      "hs_description": "Steel, stainless: ingots and other primary forms",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 18290213.00976783,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 13.37419640946427,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0798153516468132,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "concentrated_buyer_market"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs_code": "841112",
      "hs_description": "Turbo-jets: of a thrust exceeding 25kN",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1741117244.454077,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 12.835946610345635,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7099801086294539,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs_code": "151800",
      "hs_description": "Animal or vegetable fats and oils and their fractions: oxidised, boiled or otherwise chemically modified, (excluding those of heading no. 1516), inedible mixtures or preparations of fats or oils",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1772799288.1679487,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7298443018966836,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The lane has limited historical coverage",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "limited_history"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs_code": "720421",
      "hs_description": "Ferrous waste and scrap: of stainless steel",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 468838108.5818115,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 81.9466183096086,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.2393840302471364,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
      "importer_iso3": "NLD",
      "hs_code": "760110",
      "hs_description": "Aluminium: unwrought, (not alloyed)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 2075859746.4707446,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 35.21185511231537,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.1961588299037715,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "KAZ",
    "importer_iso3": "NLD",
    "distance_km": 5259,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 0,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 1,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 0,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": null,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_is_eu": 1,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 1018007.05695,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 58061.00166795897,
    "importer_population": 17533.405,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": 3.5,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 4,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 190814.274226,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 10041.489838593548,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 2.3908024175287355,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 4.8834974298850575,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 2.1495134952095096,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 2.7339839346755475
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/KAZ-NLD/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/KAZ-NLD/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/KAZ-NLD/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/KAZ-NLD/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/KAZ-NLD/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}