{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:48:15.560Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Ghana exports to Kazakhstan: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Ghana to Kazakhstan, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "GHA",
    "country_name": "Ghana"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "KAZ",
    "country_name": "Kazakhstan"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
    "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
    "all_history_lane_count": 3,
    "current_lane_count": 1,
    "current_product_count": 1,
    "first_observed_last_year": 2008,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 4666989.857725721,
    "attention_trade_usd": 4666989.857725721,
    "critical_trade_usd": 0,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 4666989.857725721,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 4666989.857725721,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 0,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 4666989.857725721,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 4666989.857725721,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 0,
    "critical_lane_count": 0,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 1,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 1,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 1,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 0,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 1,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 1,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 1.7387851851737093,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 53.03460965139458,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 10000,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 100,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 100,
    "top_product_hs6": "180310",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 4666989.857725721,
    "top_product_description": "Cocoa: paste, not defatted",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "180310",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
    "distance_km": 8557.4091796875,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "common_spoken_language_score": 0,
    "has_reported_fta": 0,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 8.628611673333333,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 8.811168753409962,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 5.9927733172413795,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 2.8183954361685823,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": 5,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 190814.274226,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 10041,
    "buyer_population_latest": 19002.586,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": 9.917422718979218,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": 8.399650809013636,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": 1.4001630989012082,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 27.696000000000005,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 36.538,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer macro trend resilient",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 100,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 0,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "high_volatility",
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "concentrated_product_mix",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets",
      "market_access_friction"
    ],
    "attention_level": "High attention",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains materially below historical peaks",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 190814.274226,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 10041,
    "buyer_population_2024": 19002.586
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 848.915989276701,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 39745.21978443825,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 4581.879041800384,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 93634.83482946995,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 135.58766396891713,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 31166.313188500673,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -66.7150444113438,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 232.35858832799033
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 301741.05372844,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 868.1640940442463,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 96.53949383593596
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 163583.6992607112,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -45.78672764630405,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 20.439106632761295
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 1518430.987875323,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 828.2287873043675,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 265.2328867272161
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 5117123.61387159,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 237.00073659796467,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 156.91955940129176
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 1651089.467650356,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -67.73403200238211,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 116.1109938931551
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 102783.56682065419,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -93.77480331414601,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -59.24543999067391
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 238655.44506375765,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 132.19221948211302,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -64.00447769081133
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 1246431.5247318228,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 422.2724017039855,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -8.94594896061649
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 1357988.37981176,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 8.950098971858033,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 136.40543475649528
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 2565312.809547134,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 88.9053579311724,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 120.69356022151365
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 2337681.4370702687,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -8.873435303082989,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 23.3215480774577
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 2688188.751919501,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 14.993801520215278,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 25.56094296694631
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 10587793.345595302,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 293.8634643134746,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 60.406406173518846
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 3892316.8427436,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -63.23769537527979,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 18.52436004676847
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 114247.32091862951,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -97.06479905068316,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -65.10241114417991
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 829106.5696872601,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 625.7120456047941,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -57.21728907944037
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 238753.74658546425,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -71.20349116573489,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -60.562079855765404
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 324984.9058093336,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 36.11719625643741,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 41.68995265731692
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 203519.15652129913,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -37.37581257367615,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -37.386932756642445
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 134748.74337848907,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -33.79063392276439,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -17.359771473738494
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 19110.466541116737,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -85.81770333290731,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -61.11315583067763
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 14649.381247460917,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -23.343675488286287,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -58.40210741130545
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 130437.8919993239,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 790.398644119743,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -1.0779709343089583
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "export_value_usd": 4782112.745250212,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 3566.1990407473,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 530.1580769895028
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
      "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
      "hs_code": "180310",
      "hs_description": "Cocoa: paste, not defatted",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 14468989.279879808,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 53.03460965139458,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.7387851851737093,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "long_distance_without_fta"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "GHA",
    "importer_iso3": "KAZ",
    "distance_km": 8575,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 0,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 0,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 0,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": null,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 190814.274226,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 10041.489838593548,
    "importer_population": 19002.586,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": 5,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 0.2,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 77594.279055,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 2445.2907493314033,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 8.628611673333333,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 8.811168753409962,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 5.9927733172413795,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 2.8183954361685823
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/GHA-KAZ/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/GHA-KAZ/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/GHA-KAZ/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/GHA-KAZ/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/GHA-KAZ/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}