{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:48:15.227Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Spain exports to South Korea: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Spain to South Korea, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "ESP",
    "country_name": "Spain"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "KOR",
    "country_name": "South Korea"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "importer_iso3": "KOR",
    "all_history_lane_count": 959,
    "current_lane_count": 835,
    "current_product_count": 835,
    "first_observed_last_year": 1997,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 2108053253.2316332,
    "attention_trade_usd": 707493049.8419164,
    "critical_trade_usd": 10436398.554293187,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 1010112661.4753431,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 337933172.3579783,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 0,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 871538056.2758325,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 0,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 0,
    "critical_lane_count": 1,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 119,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 527,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 415,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 0,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 467,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 0,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 1.2335345266154674,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 24.816569973530964,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 348.28932813772843,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 14.818630770866026,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 25.698479846869603,
    "top_product_hs6": "020329",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 312384628.0496251,
    "top_product_description": "Meat: of swine, n.e.s. in item no. 0203.2, frozen",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "150910",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
    "distance_km": 10012.6416015625,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "common_spoken_language_score": 0,
    "has_reported_fta": 1,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 13.69564428626263,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 14.600262464040409,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 3.5328919460965666,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 11.067370517943843,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": 8,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 1798533.915091,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 34758,
    "buyer_population_latest": 51744.877,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": 1.3815058218118237,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": 1.3868953035443221,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": -0.00531575773807802,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 32.412,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 34.20399999999999,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer macro trend resilient",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 33.56144104791156,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 0.4950728136632341,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "high_volatility",
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets"
    ],
    "attention_level": "Watch",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Volatile products account for the largest observed corridor exposure",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 1798533.915091,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 34758,
    "buyer_population_2024": 51744.877
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 501756978.75180346,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 657318467.1134031,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 31.003353206682327,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 489345003.0466482,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -25.554350359941346,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 156939670.46757382,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -67.9286251028473,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -32.11928030016418
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 227658021.0729327,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 45.06085070439241,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -29.773281711337095
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 274461422.4065092,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 20.55864366781197,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -17.53138189943586
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 295940352.05425674,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 7.825846510383072,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 23.544613929855295
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 407461927.89826256,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 37.683801843812034,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 21.413792897533092
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 427872229.19791245,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 5.0091308910573895,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 15.951827176491019
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 525737774.0579135,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 22.872609667484014,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 21.112322375233727
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 586689166.5345253,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 11.593496888412202,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 12.920730167128024
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 717881169.9166006,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 22.361415697686148,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 18.82636741448036
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 773065497.3698863,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 7.687111706760152,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 13.714462501015623
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1374739466.808519,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 77.82962394333212,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 32.82223300689664
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 850346567.1177845,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -38.14489307622203,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 5.807016121818864
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1034347671.755101,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 21.638366255887973,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 10.192004529744935
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1163491982.5167222,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 12.485580456954736,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -5.409468727062638
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1367696238.0518167,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 17.550980892312218,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 17.16499990954674
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1540730507.4438112,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 12.651513148743398,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 14.205419548873843
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 2754873904.129585,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 78.80309962188844,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 33.28443747757177
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 2185198844.596663,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -20.678807065505723,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 16.90518404516601
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1892515673.0411687,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -13.393891923346535,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.09542885965877
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1901579126.5694072,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 0.4789103550024487,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -11.623345197579393
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 2478211196.9612103,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 30.32385359804044,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 4.283544549344409
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 2542881584.8346243,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 2.6095591833622978,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 10.347428584784591
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 1842919250.2445161,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -27.526344080061836,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -1.0390243515862152
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 2284134306.9737167,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 23.941095447923754,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -2.6817164075279676
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 2367050253.767582,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 3.6300819326041234,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -2.3601476809630095
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 2293843549.2298636,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -3.0927397684606284,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.568677456476625
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "export_value_usd": 2230828917.564667,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -2.747119858560232,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -0.7840390914297002
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "020329",
      "hs_description": "Meat: of swine, n.e.s. in item no. 0203.2, frozen",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1740915529.263175,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 31.354410815056934,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.944527011897431,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "711299",
      "hs_description": "Waste and scrap of precious metals: waste and scrap of precious metals including metal clad with precious metals, other than that of gold and platinum and excluding ash which contains precious metal or precious metal compounds",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 695112659.4494902,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 21.92562963559679,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.5101075118698675,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "300490",
      "hs_description": "Medicaments: consisting of mixed or unmixed products n.e.s. in heading no. 3004, for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, packaged for retail sale",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 3828801667.2243342,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 10.927647826152395,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8002944776110085,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "150910",
      "hs_description": "Vegetable oils: olive oil and its fractions, virgin, whether or not refined, but not chemically modified",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 177470209.52189475,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8562842847341539,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "870840",
      "hs_description": "Vehicles: parts, gear boxes",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1182515868.7436657,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 3.241203677717506,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "420221",
      "hs_description": "Cases and containers: handbags (whether or not with shoulder strap and including those without handle), with outer surface of leather, of composition leather or of patent leather",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1054409661.3279619,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 3.3214919234564135,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.4893422396291482,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "790111",
      "hs_description": "Zinc: unwrought, (not alloyed), containing by weight 99.99% or more of zinc",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 115419345.4671509,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.6666435529792656,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "concentrated_buyer_market"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "300212",
      "hs_description": "Blood, human or animal, antisera, other blood fractions and immunological products: antisera and other blood fractions",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 532753693.1549019,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 26.833711046904785,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.29097580680682406,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "271012",
      "hs_description": "",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 18435085021.727493,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 91.20781897334709,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.4937766097790668,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "KOR",
      "hs_code": "200911",
      "hs_description": "Juice: orange, frozen, unfermented, (not containing added spirit), whether or not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 42252797.084945954,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0915446581706645,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "importer_iso3": "KOR",
    "distance_km": 10018,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 0,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 0,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 1,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": 2,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 1,
    "importer_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 1798533.9150910003,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 34757.71939879189,
    "importer_population": 51744.877,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": 8,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 14.6,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 1425276.586283,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 30115.705886680804,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 13.69564428626263,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 14.600262464040409,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 3.5328919460965666,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 11.067370517943843
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-KOR/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-KOR/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-KOR/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-KOR/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-KOR/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}