{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:48:15.177Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Spain exports to Italy: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Spain to Italy, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "ESP",
    "country_name": "Spain"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "ITA",
    "country_name": "Italy"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "importer_iso3": "ITA",
    "all_history_lane_count": 2813,
    "current_lane_count": 2764,
    "current_product_count": 2764,
    "first_observed_last_year": 2013,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 34517364277.92524,
    "attention_trade_usd": 8264472061.63583,
    "critical_trade_usd": 1186925465.7379346,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 13425063614.584072,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 4736072014.105812,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 224366552.29474458,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 8800971124.163609,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 0,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 0,
    "critical_lane_count": 23,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 490,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 1128,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 1309,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 24,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 944,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 0,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 0.9256066430814212,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 20.246471508767996,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 86.72929471681668,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 4.076026183495561,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 10.630977540453316,
    "top_product_hs6": "150910",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 1406936805.820776,
    "top_product_description": "Vegetable oils: olive oil and its fractions, virgin, whether or not refined, but not chemically modified",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "150910",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
    "distance_km": 1366.760498046875,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "common_spoken_language_score": 0.15775053203105927,
    "has_reported_fta": 1,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 0,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": 11,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 2099880.198259,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 35551,
    "buyer_population_latest": 59066.223,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": 3.3456337761183397,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": 3.6164129413341017,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": -0.26132844935394806,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 21.387999999999998,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 22.601999999999997,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer macro trend resilient",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 23.94294070396672,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 3.4386329621842084,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "high_volatility",
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "declining_buyer_demand",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets"
    ],
    "attention_level": "Watch",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Volatile products account for the largest observed corridor exposure",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 2099880.198259,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 35551,
    "buyer_population_2024": 59066.223
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 7913822435.657089,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 8585940634.381282,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 8.492965367732385,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 9865872334.443718,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 14.907297343020476,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 9761235564.55755,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -1.0605931876987662,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.243957194302353
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 9663386877.083105,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -1.002421126171038,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 4.0192764586416185
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 9693777238.460197,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 0.31448975150900615,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -0.5848631420609207
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 9981170154.238558,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 2.964715494370185,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 0.7454764841785755
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 11350833019.28014,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 13.722467845715936,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 5.51141709098415
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 14619314848.03919,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 28.795083349453886,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 14.677441375734634
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 15941955586.517868,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 9.047214265695057,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 16.89251743995419
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 15863060662.717268,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -0.494888618729572,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 11.802903796046206
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 18138819963.97308,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 14.346281273477679,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.455175291462113
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 21796087621.844414,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 20.162654820629555,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 10.988755927960959
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 22807714048.737473,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 4.641321160221379,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 12.866465444279672
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 17888006943.3719,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -21.57036472332441,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -0.463054774910554
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 21495643516.116417,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 20.167906822516457,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -0.4616046277223784
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 24180802573.585133,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 12.491643041323751,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 1.9677846541546584
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 21146450270.566933,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -12.548600460155512,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 5.736559132259256
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 21152368540.423767,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 0.0279870606229915,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -0.5351761522964016
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 22109635444.310055,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 4.525577842769146,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -2.9407442457847432
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 19983620895.048664,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -9.61578292241143,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -1.8676417576520055
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 21493293129.53509,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 7.554548009167239,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 0.53439120500689
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 23749185859.800777,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 10.495798464525397,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 2.4131477749241625
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 24938190418.889984,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 5.006506606619232,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.662282991247338
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 25199137710.94735,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 1.0463762112414843,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 5.445384002605325
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 22813235961.121243,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -9.468188067362282,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -1.3313039751933209
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 29939627820.550983,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 31.23797023611501,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 6.282188084093687
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 32064496592.50715,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 7.097178310605545,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 8.362641237999146
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 34468210924.97558,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 7.496497958524406,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 14.747689563098575
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "export_value_usd": 35102515116.38255,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 1.840258529192651,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 5.44612206885966
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs_code": "150910",
      "hs_description": "Vegetable oils: olive oil and its fractions, virgin, whether or not refined, but not chemically modified",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 2595457257.429252,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.4035475561343895,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs_code": "870321",
      "hs_description": "Vehicles: spark-ignition internal combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacity not exceeding 1000cc",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 4811552589.516623,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.11843744109375,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs_code": "870322",
      "hs_description": "Vehicles: with only spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine, cylinder capacity over 1000 but not over 1500cc",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 4929521504.014143,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 32.66051922052864,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.31543172985536977,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs_code": "870340",
      "hs_description": "Vehicles: with both spark-ignition internal combustion piston engine and electric motor for propulsion, incapable of being charged by plugging to external source of electric power",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 7638849831.284512,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 2.8748433145144903,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs_code": "740311",
      "hs_description": "Copper: refined, unwrought, cathodes and sections of cathodes",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 4499363954.93764,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.2906651995986405,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs_code": "870120",
      "hs_description": "Tractors: road, for semi-trailers",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1976749090.6100757,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 37.964936110758075,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.22586226127663,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs_code": "271019",
      "hs_description": "",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 9642180556.59046,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 27.187806739822562,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.9967120360929794,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs_code": "300490",
      "hs_description": "Medicaments: consisting of mixed or unmixed products n.e.s. in heading no. 3004, for therapeutic or prophylactic uses, packaged for retail sale",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 14699547557.66896,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 28.284800890823412,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7338391783761863,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs_code": "710813",
      "hs_description": "Metals: gold, semi-manufactured",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 2664125179.625047,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.311481819570017,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "ITA",
      "hs_code": "870332",
      "hs_description": "Vehicles: compression-ignition internal combustion piston engine (diesel or semi-diesel), cylinder capacity exceeding 1500cc but not exceeding 2500cc",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 6537219475.3119545,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 61.78467938470838,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.40808463081737834,
      "attention_level": "Critical attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "importer_iso3": "ITA",
    "distance_km": 1366,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 0,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 1,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 1,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": 2,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 1,
    "importer_is_eu": 1,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 2099880.198259,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 35551.286193786254,
    "importer_population": 59066.223,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": 11,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 13.8,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 1425276.586283,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 30115.705886680804,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 0,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 0,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 0,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 0
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-ITA/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-ITA/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-ITA/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-ITA/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-ITA/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}