{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:48:17.948Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Spain exports to Benin: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Spain to Benin, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "ESP",
    "country_name": "Spain"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "BEN",
    "country_name": "Benin"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "importer_iso3": "BEN",
    "all_history_lane_count": 35,
    "current_lane_count": 23,
    "current_product_count": 23,
    "first_observed_last_year": 2006,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 25279571.137776885,
    "attention_trade_usd": 9633048.707463797,
    "critical_trade_usd": 0,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 12956550.208322244,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 12508754.926444216,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 0,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 4699935.445075228,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 0,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 0,
    "critical_lane_count": 0,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 5,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 19,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 17,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 0,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 12,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 0,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 1.0765890136975853,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 52.35061807911301,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 1586.995783948206,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 33.45589499634743,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 55.92100681840234,
    "top_product_hs6": "020727",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 8457506.775381587,
    "top_product_description": "Meat and edible offal: of the poultry of heading no. 0105, of turkeys, cuts and offal, frozen",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "252310",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
    "distance_km": 3836.72314453125,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "common_spoken_language_score": 0.031199997290968895,
    "has_reported_fta": 0,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 13.078116144444445,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 13.078116144444445,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": null,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": null,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": 8.5,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 17785.640079,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 1428,
    "buyer_population_latest": 12451.031,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": 8.341590831269329,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": 5.606032094814539,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": 2.5903432618306743,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 24.576,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 12.404,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer macro trend resilient",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 38.10606064067485,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 0,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "high_volatility",
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets"
    ],
    "attention_level": "Watch",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Volatile products account for the largest observed corridor exposure",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 17785.640079,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 1428,
    "buyer_population_2024": 12451.031
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 18887651.00579166,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 22147164.265008673,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 17.257377628470174,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 27337923.750681117,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 23.437580647169188,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 23550633.833912622,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -13.853612115199986,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.632034658475706
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 34799035.1757732,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 47.7626267776412,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 16.25626302049308
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 19231047.646686077,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -44.73683666932647,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -11.063683402087864
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 19420943.591803666,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 0.9874446187559283,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -6.224531564161873
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 19014927.62848113,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -2.0906088388716992,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -18.245972284821065
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 23563234.434088,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 23.919664036976272,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.006621757003084
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 26330415.19987186,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 11.743637205343461,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 10.678294999821269
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 24892340.9860628,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -5.461646551688482,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.39320712306715
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 27909094.09671345,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 12.119202096499194,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 5.804371547268183
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 39757092.55695735,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 42.45210689815657,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 14.723477569101263
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 58130917.63965906,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 46.21521318838582,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 32.67236749621454
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 52290118.020993605,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -10.047664574764337,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 23.279621989991718
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 105649066.72084887,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 102.04403952278813,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 38.51081436956416
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 120061604.40339196,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 13.641897775230326,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 27.35001134218109
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 67959625.32436374,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -43.396037674102786,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.129906874111837
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 64710490.526372336,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -4.780978091747334,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -15.074846146628374
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 118639703.8457137,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 83.33921266964106,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -0.39633848082366585
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 147849004.719373,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 24.620173455291862,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 29.57537562600303
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 54305568.857979916,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -63.26957427880193,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -5.675779438480976
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 46915469.25982376,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -13.608364213038193,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -26.60012219738427
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 78250456.26040395,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 66.7903092411654,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -19.110995412793706
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 45421528.843661204,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -41.9536562285257,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -5.780861936844895
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 54800125.40678615,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 20.647910367362666,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 5.314578983619422
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 50971979.33668591,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -6.985652024851364,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -13.314151077850834
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 108758585.6700494,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 113.36935917607755,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 33.78289851703706
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 115573320.93422404,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 6.26592854457404,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 28.240542563235003
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "export_value_usd": 52223530.318684734,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -54.813507220748136,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 0.811848049467212
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "hs_code": "020727",
      "hs_description": "Meat and edible offal: of the poultry of heading no. 0105, of turkeys, cuts and offal, frozen",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 37727118.40370089,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 22.925769886268675,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7405625646983092,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "hs_code": "690721",
      "hs_description": "Ceramic tiles: flags and paving, hearth or wall tiles other than those of subheadings 6907.30 and 6907.40, of a water absorption coefficient by weight not over 0.5%",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 10796864.144489693,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 36.82340196633238,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8359930007080913,
      "attention_level": "Stable",
      "primary_risk_reason": "No material risk condition is currently identified",
      "risk_driver_labels": []
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "hs_code": "252310",
      "hs_description": "Cement clinkers (whether or not coloured)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 27715904.36628651,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 83.78570621658407,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0299145305077293,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "hs_code": "030355",
      "hs_description": "Fish: frozen, jack and horse mackerel (Trachurus spp.), excluding fillets, livers, roes, and other fish meat of heading 0304",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 41723071.883751266,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 71.93743268482167,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.4591667045571426,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "hs_code": "020712",
      "hs_description": "Meat and edible offal: of fowls of the species Gallus domesticus, not cut in pieces, frozen",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 10647633.724193953,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 89.29602154168697,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0604831698508903,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "hs_code": "271320",
      "hs_description": "Petroleum bitumen: obtained from bituminous minerals",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 34196077.58721153,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 84.86611119445014,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.4199870552877174,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "hs_code": "380891",
      "hs_description": "Insecticides: not containing substances of 3808.50: put up in forms or packings for retail sale or as preparations or articles",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 29190451.686762128,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 59.79973975252803,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.2862403529990958,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "hs_code": "020714",
      "hs_description": "Meat and edible offal: of fowls of the species Gallus domesticus, cuts and offal, frozen",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 42255577.467968844,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 91.72317532497625,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7985903382874104,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "hs_code": "730890",
      "hs_description": "Iron or steel: structures and parts thereof, n.e.s. in heading no. 7308",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 37728706.602261566,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 3.8534796098367936,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.1737118681458807,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
      "importer_iso3": "BEN",
      "hs_code": "630900",
      "hs_description": "Clothing: worn, and other worn articles",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 52206566.21770979,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 65.18517150307093,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0760409019249597,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "ESP",
    "importer_iso3": "BEN",
    "distance_km": 3811,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 0,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 0,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 1,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 0,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": null,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 1,
    "importer_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 17785.640079,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 1428.44717670368,
    "importer_population": 12451.031,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": 8.5,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 3.5,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 1425276.586283,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 30115.705886680804,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 13.078116144444445,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 13.078116144444445,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": null,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": null
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-BEN/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-BEN/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-BEN/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-BEN/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/ESP-BEN/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}