{
  "template": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "pageType": "Corridor pair risk profile",
  "source": "api",
  "generatedAt": "2026-08-29T11:47:57.763Z",
  "seo": {
    "title": "Chile exports to Spain: Trade Route Risk | Yugalinks",
    "description": "Understand reported exports from Chile to Spain, the product routes that need a closer look, and the conditions that may affect planning."
  },
  "publisher": {
    "name": "Yugalinks",
    "url": "https://www.yugalinks.com",
    "email": "support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  },
  "exporter": {
    "iso3": "CHL",
    "country_name": "Chile"
  },
  "importer": {
    "iso3": "ESP",
    "country_name": "Spain"
  },
  "latestYear": 2024,
  "risk": {
    "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
    "importer_iso3": "ESP",
    "all_history_lane_count": 317,
    "current_lane_count": 164,
    "current_product_count": 164,
    "first_observed_last_year": 1995,
    "latest_data_year": 2024,
    "current_trade_usd": 1769601386.8579266,
    "attention_trade_usd": 414465196.63318735,
    "critical_trade_usd": 0,
    "high_volatility_trade_usd": 388872568.084223,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_trade_usd": 657450852.6007614,
    "declining_demand_trade_usd": 0,
    "concentrated_market_trade_usd": 878240337.8284296,
    "access_friction_trade_usd": 0,
    "buyer_macro_weakness_trade_usd": 0,
    "critical_lane_count": 0,
    "high_attention_lane_count": 29,
    "high_volatility_lane_count": 93,
    "unrecovered_drawdown_lane_count": 77,
    "declining_demand_lane_count": 0,
    "concentrated_market_lane_count": 57,
    "access_friction_lane_count": 0,
    "trade_weighted_volatility_cv": 0.8658345188119592,
    "trade_weighted_below_peak_pct": 29.06634870559222,
    "product_concentration_hhi": 1413.764527573953,
    "top1_product_share_pct": 29.070261330757702,
    "top3_product_share_pct": 56.35252282619961,
    "top_product_hs6": "260300",
    "top_product_trade_usd": 514427747.67231184,
    "top_product_description": "Copper ores and concentrates",
    "top_attention_product_hs6": "740200",
    "top_attention_product_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
    "distance_km": 10715.1123046875,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 1,
    "common_spoken_language_score": 0.9801000356674194,
    "has_reported_fta": 1,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 1.622460857934344,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 5.920413126868686,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 1.3012737064643956,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 4.6191394204042915,
    "buyer_biz_entry_days": 12.5,
    "buyer_biz_entry_cost_pct": null,
    "buyer_gdp_mn_latest": 1425276.586283,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_latest": 30116,
    "buyer_population_latest": 47326.687,
    "buyer_gdp_5y_cagr_pct": 4.219593086678142,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_5y_cagr_pct": 3.4705637441098336,
    "buyer_population_5y_cagr_pct": 0.7239057326687615,
    "buyer_investment_5y_avg_pct": 24.381999999999998,
    "buyer_savings_5y_avg_pct": 22.082,
    "buyer_macro_resilience_label": "Buyer macro trend resilient",
    "attention_trade_share_pct": 23.421387421553987,
    "critical_trade_share_pct": 0,
    "risk_driver_labels": [
      "high_volatility",
      "unrecovered_drawdown",
      "concentrated_buyer_markets"
    ],
    "attention_level": "Watch",
    "primary_risk_reason": "Buyer-market concentration is the largest observed corridor exposure",
    "buyer_gdp_mn_2024": 1425276.586283,
    "buyer_gdp_pc_2024": 30116,
    "buyer_population_2024": 47326.687
  },
  "history": [
    {
      "year": 1995,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 347823205.1201775,
      "yoy_growth_pct": null,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1996,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 293690191.7321756,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -15.563370295923251,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1997,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 343817277.1037999,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 17.068014793404007,
      "cagr_3y_pct": null
    },
    {
      "year": 1998,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 310410019.5863694,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -9.716573232980574,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -3.722295699138378
    },
    {
      "year": 1999,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 331369231.6688024,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 6.752105524931751,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 4.105637035176923
    },
    {
      "year": 2000,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 414356122.15153027,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 25.04363186189591,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 6.41806416394497
    },
    {
      "year": 2001,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 377115388.6086905,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -8.987615133925985,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 6.7037070662352205
    },
    {
      "year": 2002,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 412191491.3358067,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 9.301159217215748,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 7.546334751028394
    },
    {
      "year": 2003,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 544471744.5344259,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 32.091941725903375,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 9.53019536462869
    },
    {
      "year": 2004,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 816786607.6499164,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 50.0145077956883,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 29.383268417954266
    },
    {
      "year": 2005,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1035691369.0533406,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 26.800728532176077,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 35.94934248757264
    },
    {
      "year": 2006,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1449013471.4133348,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 39.907844625352595,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 38.57951128268802
    },
    {
      "year": 2007,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1307206072.0213718,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -9.786479021043693,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 16.97107540893985
    },
    {
      "year": 2008,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1717974223.697238,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 31.423366251709872,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 18.375573334569296
    },
    {
      "year": 2009,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1146060442.327976,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -33.29000944719945,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -7.520593665645148
    },
    {
      "year": 2010,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1367947233.3117716,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 19.36082799726342,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 1.525490481695413
    },
    {
      "year": 2011,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1746109336.2698004,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 27.644494886144578,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 0.5429438492410288
    },
    {
      "year": 2012,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1693648192.7655509,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -3.00445925203755,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 13.903891040569372
    },
    {
      "year": 2013,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1565697081.2829828,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -7.554763263652598,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 4.603479783584286
    },
    {
      "year": 2014,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1607531317.8798847,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 2.6719240328800797,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -2.71870661673852
    },
    {
      "year": 2015,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1371458340.2450228,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -14.685435674510538,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -6.79201079423557
    },
    {
      "year": 2016,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1423760094.340667,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 3.813586790124446,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -3.1180158198485186
    },
    {
      "year": 2017,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1781351057.0980585,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 25.11595627513281,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 3.4816530701401893
    },
    {
      "year": 2018,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1746400466.7192087,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -1.9620270939624151,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 8.389465073899283
    },
    {
      "year": 2019,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1278469293.5896864,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -26.794036193117766,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -3.5243244184525513
    },
    {
      "year": 2020,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1148803176.6701446,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -10.142294192726775,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -13.602991755141336
    },
    {
      "year": 2021,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1526580324.3092966,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 32.88441008094662,
      "cagr_3y_pct": -4.3851663174056865
    },
    {
      "year": 2022,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1462958060.5672684,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -4.167632893527184,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 4.595706607904915
    },
    {
      "year": 2023,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1221840987.6612678,
      "yoy_growth_pct": -16.48147540282231,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 2.0758536721422027
    },
    {
      "year": 2024,
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "export_value_usd": 1811724226.4760149,
      "yoy_growth_pct": 48.2782329919907,
      "cagr_3y_pct": 5.874363003655914
    }
  ],
  "riskLanes": [
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "260300",
      "hs_description": "Copper ores and concentrates",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 2479760395.4502854,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 50.08693121094209,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7395765386301107,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "740311",
      "hs_description": "Copper: refined, unwrought, cathodes and sections of cathodes",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 949520764.2874786,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 24.98315525554865,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.7578659910916246,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "740200",
      "hs_description": "Copper: unrefined, copper anodes for electrolytic refining",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 110050647.1107263,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 1.278362835665243,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.4758238948473967,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "160553",
      "hs_description": "Mollusc preparations: mussels, prepared or preserved",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 92668253.56345327,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.5524502304552656,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "030743",
      "hs_description": "Molluscs: cuttle fish and squid, whether in shell or not, frozen",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 1171806432.9187858,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.4919253068335965,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "283421",
      "hs_description": "Nitrates: of potassium",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 127720031.30140124,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 38.076281887827896,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.6231039611949488,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "080440",
      "hs_description": "Fruit, edible: avocados, fresh or dried",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 553355567.954583,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.0036363230379157,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility",
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "080232",
      "hs_description": "Nuts, edible: walnuts, fresh or dried, shelled",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 142458894.2886055,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.8216503582935365,
      "attention_level": "High attention",
      "primary_risk_reason": "The buyer market is concentrated among relatively few suppliers",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "concentrated_buyer_market",
        "dominant_supplier"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "030481",
      "hs_description": "Fish fillets: frozen, salmon, Pacific (Oncorhynchus nerka, Oncorhynchus gorbuscha, Oncorhynchus keta, Oncorhynchus tschawytscha, Oncorhynchus kisutch, Oncorhynchus masou, Oncorhynchus rhodurus), Atlantic (Salmo salar), and Danube (Hucho hucho)",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 117367056.632113,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 0,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 1.2046032256230566,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Trade has varied substantially across reported years",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "high_volatility"
      ]
    },
    {
      "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
      "importer_iso3": "ESP",
      "hs_code": "470321",
      "hs_description": "Wood pulp: chemical wood pulp, soda or sulphate, (other than dissolving grades), semi-bleached or bleached, of coniferous wood",
      "buyer_imports_latest_usd": 380215117.3142116,
      "current_below_peak_pct": 66.26641934276776,
      "lane_volatility_cv": 0.47234654864055264,
      "attention_level": "Watch",
      "primary_risk_reason": "Current trade remains more than 50% below its historical peak",
      "risk_driver_labels": [
        "unrecovered_drawdown"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "accessProfile": {
    "year": 2024,
    "exporter_iso3": "CHL",
    "importer_iso3": "ESP",
    "distance_km": 10681,
    "shares_land_border": 0,
    "shares_official_language": 1,
    "shares_ethnic_language": 1,
    "shared_religion": 0,
    "shared_legal_system": 1,
    "shared_colonial_history": 0,
    "has_fta": 1,
    "rta_coverage_ratio": 2,
    "exporter_is_wto": 1,
    "importer_is_wto": 1,
    "exporter_is_eu": 0,
    "importer_is_eu": 1,
    "importer_gdp_million_usd": 1425276.586283,
    "importer_gdp_per_capita_usd": 30115.705886680804,
    "importer_population": 47326.687,
    "importer_biz_entry_days": 12.5,
    "importer_biz_entry_cost_pct": 3.9,
    "exporter_gdp_million_usd": 317058.508652,
    "exporter_gdp_per_capita_usd": 16502.838570915956,
    "avg_applied_tariff_pct": 1.622460857934344,
    "avg_mfn_tariff_pct": 5.920413126868686,
    "avg_preferential_tariff_pct": 1.3012737064643956,
    "tariff_advantage_pp": 4.6191394204042915
  },
  "sourceAttribution": {
    "publisher": "OECD",
    "dataset": "Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D",
    "year": 2025,
    "citation": "OECD (2025), Balanced international merchandise trade statistics (BIMTS) - HS2017-6D, OECD Data Explorer (accessed on 2026-08-29)",
    "sourceUrl": "https://data-explorer.oecd.org/",
    "dataflowUrl": "https://sdmx.oecd.org/sti-public/rest/dataflow/OECD.SDD.TPS/DSD_BIMTS_6D@DF_BIMTS_HS2017_6D/1.0",
    "termsUrl": "https://www.oecd.org/termsandconditions/",
    "terms": "OECD Terms & Conditions",
    "accessed": "2026-08-29",
    "supportingSources": [
      {
        "publisher": "CEPII",
        "dataset": "BACI bilateral trade flows",
        "release": "202601",
        "citation": "Gaulier, G. and Zignago, S. (2010), BACI: International Trade Database at the Product-Level. The 1994-2007 Version, CEPII Working Paper No. 2010-23.",
        "sourceUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/DATA_DOWNLOAD/baci/doc/baci_webpage.html",
        "datasetUrl": "https://www.cepii.fr/CEPII/en/bdd_modele/bdd_modele_item.asp?id=37",
        "licenseUrl": "https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/open-licence.pdf",
        "license": "Etalab 2.0 Open Licence",
        "accessed": "2026-08-29"
      }
    ]
  },
  "links": {
    "canonical": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/CHL-ESP/risk",
    "html": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/CHL-ESP/risk/index.html",
    "markdown": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/CHL-ESP/risk/index.md",
    "json": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/CHL-ESP/risk/index.json",
    "jsonLd": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/corridor/CHL-ESP/risk/index.ld.json",
    "home": "https://www.yugalinks.com/",
    "tradeHub": "https://www.yugalinks.com/trade/",
    "dataSources": "https://www.yugalinks.com/data-sources",
    "methodology": "https://www.yugalinks.com/methodology",
    "workspace": "https://www.yugalinks.com/app/corridors",
    "contact": "https://www.yugalinks.com/contact",
    "email": "mailto:support@yugalinks.com",
    "linkedin": "https://in.linkedin.com/company/yugalinks"
  }
}